Temple Economy is an important part of ancient Egyptian socio -economic，Its main form is real estate。These real estate mainly stems from the gift of Pharaoh、Donation of officials and the public。Temple is after obtaining real estate，or self -cultivation，or assigned to others for farming。To protect the temple real estate，From the period of the ancient kingdom，Pharaoh issued a decree，It is forbidden to invade the temple property and clergy。Studying Temple Real Estate is not only conducive to our land management model of ancient Egypt，and help understand the economic life of the temple。

　bet365 Play online games

Temples of ancient Egypt have more or less real estate，Source，Give by Pharaoh、Donations of officials and ordinary people are mainly。where，The gift of Pharaoh is the main way to obtain a huge amount of real estate in the temple。One of the things that must be done after serving as the throne of Fa is to build a new temple or expand the original temple，Reward to these temples。Ancient Kingdom，French General Land is dedicated to the temple in the form of sacrifice。New Kingdom period，National strength day Qiang，The temple built by the Pharaoh is far better in the scale。At this time，Battle to the outside world is also frequent than before。After winning，Fa -prisoner thanks to the deities for their blessing to themselves and Egypt in the war，Frequent dedication to the temple to land and loot。Long this time，Temple Real Estate is increasing。According to the "Harris Paper Grass" in Latinos III (approximately 1184-153)，At that time, there were a total of 1071780 Arura (about 3,000 square kilometers) of several major temples bet365 Play online games in Egypt at that time.，13%-18%of the country's arable land。

It is written in the Land Land "Well Board Cao" recorded in the ruling period of Latin VII (about 1147-143 in BC)，The land of a type of temple is called "new land of French veterans"。This kind of land should be the reward of the Pharaoh of the Temple of the Temple of the Temple。In ancient Egypt，Temples not only include temples built for the gods，also includes the funeral temple of Pharaoh。The funeral temple of the Pharaoh is the place where he accepts worship and worship after his death。"Verbo Paper Grass" has recorded many places that belong to the land that belongs to the funeral of the Pharaoh。When each Pharaoh is in the world，All will set up real estate for your funeral temple。Because the land is unable to renewable resources，As the number of late Fa veterans becomes more and more，Land gradually insufficient use。Therefore，The land that belongs to the Pharaoh funeral temple that was previously visited may be recovered by the current Pharaoh，and transfer to other funeral temples or temples。Of course，For those funeral temples recovered by the land，The current Pharaoh will also give the sacrifice as compensation。Sometimes，Pharaoh also divides his own royal real estate to the temple，But just let the temple manage and cultivate land，The grains produced by this kind of land still have to be handed over to the royal family。

Donation of Land Land to Temple，Not only for faith。Local Temple is concerned，Presbyterian Land Give the Temple，Not only can it increase the property of the temple，and can improve the social status of the temple，Then attract local officials and elites to participate in the management of Temple Real Estate、Tax collection、allocation and other processes。There are literature records: "Senior manager Amond bet365 best casino games Hotap，Live in the eighteenth dynasty，Pharaoh established a new temple near Memphis，and the Prophet and Priest from the descendants of the Memphis nobles。"from this，Pharaoh can strengthen contact with local officials and elites，enable them to have channels to intervene in the internal affairs of the temple，and then expand the influence of Falun Pharaoh，To achieve the purpose of strengthening the management of localities。

Except the real estate given by the Pharaoh，Official donation is another channel for the temple to get the land。Usually under the circumstances，The reason why officials donate land to the temple，It aims to strengthen the connection between yourself and the Pharaoh and the gods，Free of the invasion of others。Senior steward of Amon Hotap III will bring its land、The servant and Niu Qun were presented to the icon of Pharaoh in the Puta Temple of Memphis。Latin America II Revision (John 1279 — 1213)，A man named Cametoco dedicated all his property to the goddess Matt，Part of the income of the field production can be used as his elderly offerings。The land donated to the temple if the donor was donated to the temple is the Pharaoh given to him，Then you need to get the Pharaoh's promise in advance，Can the land be donated to the temple。For example，The housekeeper of the Amon Temple Senemut was allowed to be allowed to get the Period of Tuten Mos III，Donate the 8 Allara land given by Pharaoh to him to the inner temple of the temple。

other，Ordinary people can also donate land to Temple。Of course，They are not donated for free，Instead, the land is donated to the temple without offspring without offspring，To ensure that they get timely memories after their death，So worry -free in the next life。According to a paper grass record written in the Pharaoh Syeis dynasty (about 644-525)Bet365 lotto review ，A female donor in order to set up a funeral sacrifice for the late husband，donated the land to the temple，and clearly prohibit other relatives from asking for this。

In addition to the reward and personal donation of the Pharaoh，There are also people who transfer the land to the temple cultivation。In this case，Temples have become the custodian institutions of these land，and according to the agreement，Temples should regularly give these people a certain number of grains。

It can be known in the same way，The donor donated the land to the temple，Not only for the devout belief，And can keep a close contact with the Pharaoh and Temple。At the same time，It can also ensure that its income is free from the invasion of others。Some land donors can not only continue to have some land income，You can also enjoy a lower tax rate。

Some temples also have some nominal land abroad。For example，New Kingdom period，Egypt after conquering Canaan，Some real estate in Canaan was dedicated to the Temple of Amon，Severe a small amount of grain tax to the temple every year，Show the subtitutional service for Egypt。In southern Egypt，Since Nubia is the territory of Egypt，So the real estate of some temples in Nubia belongs to the main god temple of Egypt。

　　Operate in two forms

Land is the most important resource of agricultural society。Temple is mastering a lot of real estate，How to run these land? "Verbo Cao" clearly reveals the management and distribution of temple land。In this paper grass，Temple Real Estate is divided into two categories: Temple belonging to the territory and temple territory。where，Temple's territory can be held by the temple for a long time，If there are no special circumstances，Pharaoh will not easily take back。As for the Temple Territory，It means that the Lao Fa can recover the land he used at any time。Whether the temple belongs or the temple bet365 Play online games area，There are two types of farming methods: first，Unified cultivation under the supervision of land managers; second，Divided to small land holders to cultivate。

Temple Real Estate about the unified cultivation of cultivation，We can explain it through the Amon Temple。All the affairs of the Amon Temple are managed uniformly by the first prophet，And the real estate of the Amon Temple is supervised by the title of the title as the "Manager"。Since Amon God is the main god of the New Kingdom period，Therefore，The real estate of the Amon Temple is all over the country。In this case，There are corresponding persons in charge of each state to manage the temple real estate in each area，Various official title。For example，Dietary of the Amon Temple、Director of the Treasury、State Treasury Book Officer、The royal family Mafu, etc.，All appear as a local land manager in the land book。Temple Real Estate in the jurisdictions of each state，Direct supervision by local officials or low -level officers，The transaction regulated includes clarifying the border of the land、Following it on time、Observe the growth of grains at any time、Regulatory field workers、Get grain, etc.。Cereals produced on real estate in this type of temple，All to be given to the temple。

In addition to unified farming management，Temple Real Estate can also be assigned to personal cultivation for small land holders。"Verbo Paper Grass" records the identity of 53 kinds of land holders，Among them, Malv long、Soldier、Low -level priests and farmers。Land is assigned to them，They can cultivate for generations，Only in a few cases can be resold to others。Although the rested real estate has changed the landlord，But still needs to fulfill the obligation to pay grain tax to the temple。In the case where 5 Allara land can feed the eight Bet365 app download homes，The number of individuals holding land is mostly 3-10 Arura，The grain tax rate paid is 30%。

　　Pharaoh order to protect the temple real estate

The grain produced on Temple Real Estate is an important source of taxes in ancient Egypt。Especially the New Kingdom period，Temples can be taxed on behalf of the Pharaoh and the royal family，Grain storage storage in large temples，Pharaoh can also extract property from the temple as needed。To protect the property of the temple is not infringed by others，From the period of the ancient kingdom，Pharaoh issued a decree to protect the property and priest of the temple。For example，The "Naverricara Duty Free Zero" in the ancient kingdom period，Eliminates the Temple Priests、It is forbidden for others to interfere with their activities and the property of the temple，so that they can focus on the temple affairs。The "Seati I" in the New Kingdom period clearly stipulates，It is forbidden anyone to invade the temple real estate，The offenders will be severely punished。The specific content is as follows: "Now，For any senior official、Any government field supervisor、Anyone or an agent of any river embankment (?)，(ie) Change the boundary，He will be cut off his nose and ears，and being degraded into the field bitterness of the "A Bedordus's cheerful Mona Atera Temple"。"" From this we can see that Pharaoh attaches importance to and protect Temple Real Estate，and the privilege of giving the clergy。

In short，Ancient Egyptian Temple obtained a huge amount of real estate and other wealth。After the temple gets real estate，With a relatively complete land management mode，Production activities for planting grains。After completing the gift of God and the sacrifice instrument，The output on the land and other real objects in the form of redistribution，Divided into the royal family、Temple priests bet365 best casino games and other people。When there was no coin in France's time,，Temple relying on huge rewards and re -distribution mode，Completed for acquisition、Production、Storage and transportation and distribution of various types of physical processes，Activated the circulation of items，It is an important support for the smooth operation of the ancient Egyptian economy。

　(This article is the Study of "Verbo Cao" (17CSS001) in the National Social Science Fund Youth Project)

(Author Unit: School of Law and History of the University of Inner Mongolia)