The bet with bet365 economy was an important part of the social economy of ancient Egypt，The main form is real estate。These properties are mainly derived from the gifts of the Pharaoh、Donations from officials and people。After the bet with bet365 obtained real estate，Or self-cultivation，Or assign it to others to farm on your behalf。To protect the bet with bet365 property，From the Old Kingdom，The Pharaoh issued an edict，No trespassing on bet with bet365 property and clergy。Studying bet with bet365 real estate is not only helpful for us to understand the land management model of ancient Egypt，And it is helpful to understand the economic life of the bet with bet365。

　Pharaoh’s gift is the main source

The temples in ancient Egypt all had more or less real estate，Exploring its source，Given by Pharaoh、Mainly donations from officials and ordinary people。Among them，The pharaoh’s gift is the main way for the bet with bet365 to obtain huge real estate。One of the things that every pharaoh must do after ascending the throne is to build a new bet with bet365 or expand the original bet with bet365，Grant land to these temples。Old Kingdom，The pharaoh dedicated the land to the bet with bet365 as a sacrifice。New Kingdom，National strength is getting stronger，The temples built by the Pharaoh are also far larger than before。At this time，Foreign wars are also more frequent than before。After winning，The Pharaoh thanked the gods for protecting him and Egypt during the war，Frequently offer land and loot to the bet with bet365。If things continue like this，bet with bet365 real estate is increasing day by day。According to the "Great Papyrus of Harris" written during the reign of Ramesses III (about 1184 BC - 1153 BC)，At that time, the real estate of several major temples in Egypt totaled 1,071,780 alula (approximately 3,000 square kilometers) of land，Accounting for 13%-18% of the country’s arable land。

According to the "Wilber Papyrus", a land inventory written during the reign of Ramesses V of the New Kingdom (about 1147 BC - 1143 BC)，There is a type of bet with bet365 land called "Pharaoh's new land"。This type of land should be the reward from the pharaoh to the bet with bet365 recorded in the land inventory。In ancient Egypt，bet with bet365 includes not only temples built for gods，Including the Pharaoh’s funeral bet with bet365。The Pharaoh’s funeral bet with bet365 was the place where he received sacrifices and offerings after his death。The "Wilbur Papyrus" records in many places the land belonging to the Pharaoh's burial bet with bet365。Each pharaoh while alive，Everyone will set up real estate for their own funeral bet with bet365。Because land is a non-renewable resource，As the number of deceased pharaohs increases，The land is gradually insufficient for use。Therefore，The land belonging to the previous deceased pharaoh’s burial bet with bet365 may be taken back by the current pharaoh，And transfer it to other burial temples or temples。Of course，For those burial temples whose land was taken back，The current pharaoh will also give sacrifices as compensation。Sometimes，The pharaoh also allocated his own royal real estate to the bet with bet365，But just let the bet with bet365 manage and cultivate the land，All grains produced from this type of land must still be handed over to the royal family。

Pharaoh donated land to the bet with bet365，Not just because of faith。In terms of local temples，Pharaoh gave land to the bet with bet365，Not only can it increase the property of the bet with bet365，And it can improve the social status of the bet with bet365，Thereby attracting local officials and elites to participate in the management of bet with bet365 real estate、Collect taxes、In process of allocation。There are documents: "Senior Manager Amenhotep，Living in the 18th Dynasty，Pharaoh built a new bet with bet365 near Memphis，And appointed prophets and priests from among the descendants of the nobles of Memphis。”Therefore，The pharaoh can strengthen ties with local officials and elites，Enable them to have channels to intervene in the internal affairs of the bet with bet365，Thus expanding the influence of Pharaoh，Thus achieving the purpose of strengthening local management。

In addition to the real estate given by Pharaoh，Official donations are another channel for the bet with bet365 to obtain land。Normally，The reason why officials donated land to the bet with bet365，Aiming to strengthen your connection with the pharaoh and gods，Protect yourself from others。The senior steward of Amenhotep III took his land、Servants and cattle gave the Pharaoh the icon in the bet with bet365 of Ptah in Memphis。The reign of Ramses II (about 1279 BC - 1213 BC)，A man named Semitkoy dedicated all his property to the goddess Mut，Part of the income from the land can be used as his old-age pension。If the land donated to the bet with bet365 by the donor was previously given to him by the Pharaoh，You need to obtain Pharaoh’s permission in advance，The land can be donated to the bet with bet365。For example，Senemut, the steward of the bet with bet365 of Amun, after getting permission from Thutmose III，Only donated the 8 Alura lands given to him by the Pharaoh to the inner hall of the bet with bet365。

In addition，Ordinary people can also donate land to the bet with bet365。Of course，They are not free donations，But donate the land to the bet with bet365 when there are no descendants to offer sacrifices，To ensure that they can be paid tribute in time after their death，Thus living a worry-free life in the next life。According to a papyrus written in the Pharaoh Sais Dynasty (about 644 BC-525 BC)，A female donor set up a funeral ceremony for her late husband，Donated the land to the bet with bet365，And expressly prohibit other relatives from questioning this。

In addition to pharaoh’s rewards and private donations，There are also cases where individuals transfer land to temples for farming。In this case，The bet with bet365 became the trustee of these lands，And as agreed，The bet with bet365 must give these people a certain amount of grain on a regular basis。

According to the above，Donor donates land to bet with bet365，Not only out of devout faith，And can maintain closer contact with the pharaoh and the bet with bet365。At the same time，It can also protect its income from intrusion by others。Some land donors can not only continue to own part of the land income，You can also enjoy a lower tax rate。

Some temples have some nominal land abroad。For example，New Kingdom，After Egypt conquered Canaan，Part of Canaan’s real estate was nominally dedicated to the bet with bet365 of Amun，Pay a small annual grain tax to the bet with bet365，To show submission to Egypt。In southern Egypt，Because Nubia is a dependent territory of Egypt，So the real estate of some temples in Nubia nominally belongs to the bet with bet365 of the main god of Egypt。

　　Operate in two forms

Land is the most important resource in agricultural society。After the bet with bet365 mastered a large amount of real estate，How to manage these lands？The Wilbur Papyrus clearly reveals the management and distribution of bet with bet365 land。In this papyrus，bet with bet365 real estate is divided into two categories: bet with bet365 land and bet with bet365 territory。Among them，bet with bet365 land can be held by the bet with bet365 for a long time，If there are no special circumstances，Pharaoh will not take it back easily。As for the bet with bet365 territory，It means that the pharaoh can take back the land for other purposes at any time。Regardless of bet with bet365 territory or bet with bet365 territory，There are two ways of farming: first，Unified farming under the supervision of land managers；Second，Distributed to small landholders for farming。

About the unified farming of bet with bet365 real estate，We can illustrate this through the bet with bet365 of Amun。All affairs in the bet with bet365 of Amun are managed by the First Prophet，The real estate of the bet with bet365 of Amun is supervised by officials with the title of "Manager"。Since God Amun is the main god in the New Kingdom，Therefore，The real estate of Amon bet with bet365 is spread all over the country。In this case，Each state has a corresponding person in charge to manage the bet with bet365 real estate within each jurisdiction，Their official titles are various。For example，The butler of the bet with bet365 of Amon、Treasury Director、Treasury Clerk、The Royal Horseman, etc.，Both appear in the land inventory as local land managers。bet with bet365 properties in various state jurisdictions，On-site supervision by local scribes or low-level military officers，Among the matters overseen are the clarification of land boundaries、Farming according to the season、Observe the growth status of grains at any time、Supervision of field workers、Collect grain, etc.。Grain produced on such bet with bet365 property，Give it all to the bet with bet365。

In addition to unified farming management，bet with bet365 property can also be allocated to small landholders for personal farming。The Wilbur Papyrus records 53 types of land holder status，Among them, the horseman is the chief、Soldier、Mainly low-level priests and farmers。After the land is allocated to them，They can farm for generations，Resale to others only in rare circumstances。Although the resold property has changed its owner，But you still have to fulfill the obligation to pay grain tax to the bet with bet365。In the case where 5 alula land can support a family of eight，The number of land held by individuals is mostly 3-10 alula，The grain tax rate paid is 30%。

　　The pharaoh protects the bet with bet365 property with an edict

The grain produced on the bet with bet365 property was an important source of taxation in ancient Egypt。Especially during the New Kingdom，The bet with bet365 can collect taxes on behalf of the pharaoh and the royal family，Grain storage warehouses are built in large temples，The pharaoh can also withdraw wealth from the bet with bet365 as needed。To protect bet with bet365 property from infringement by others，From the Old Kingdom，The Pharaoh issued an edict to protect the property and priests of the bet with bet365。For example，The provisions of the "Neferikala Tax Exemption Edict" during the Old Kingdom，Exemption of bet with bet365 priests from corvée、Prohibit others from interfering with its activities and getting involved in bet with bet365 property，So that they can focus on bet with bet365 matters。The "Edict of Seti I Nauri" during the New Kingdom clearly stipulates，No one is allowed to trespass on bet with bet365 property，Violators will be severely punished。The specific content is as follows: "Now，For any senior official、Any government field supervisor、Any river embankment (？) The cultivator or any agent will usurp the territory belonging to the "Merry Monma Atla bet with bet365 of Abydos"，(i.e.) changing the boundary，He will have his nose and ears cut off，and was demoted to a field coolie in the ‘Merry Monma Atla bet with bet365 of Abydos’。”This shows that the pharaoh attaches great importance to and protects the bet with bet365 property，And privileges given to clergy。

In short，The ancient Egyptian temples obtained huge amounts of real estate and other wealth because they worshiped the gods that people believed in devoutly。After the bet with bet365 obtains real estate，With a relatively complete land management model，Carry out production activities of growing grains。After completing the offerings and rituals to God，The output of the land and other physical goods are redistributed，Distributed to the royal family、bet with bet365 priests and other people。When there was no coinage in the time of the Pharaohs，The bet with bet365 relies on a huge reward and redistribution model，Acquisition completed、Production、The process of storing, transporting and distributing various types of physical goods，Invigorated the circulation of goods，Is an important support for the smooth operation of the ancient Egyptian economy。

　(This article is a phased result of the National Social Science Fund Youth Project "Research on Wilbur Papyrus" (17CSS001)

(Author’s unit: School of Law and History, Inner Mongolia University for Nationalities)