Although the research on ancient Chinese maps began in the early years of the Republic of China，But it has not been valued by the academic community for a long time。In recent years，With the diversification of historical research and the focus of research, from empirical to interpretation，Various historical materials that have not been valued in the past have become increasingly widespread from the academic community。From this，Put the stone carvings、Weaving Embroidery、murals、Carving brick、copper jade、Weaving Embroidery、lacquerware、Wood、Painting and other historical real objects、Image and cultural historical traces as the main research object，The image of the image of the history of the comprehensive investigation of the traditional literature has also emerged.。Ancient maps as a "image"，Nature is also a research object of image history。So，Under the vision of image history，Where is the historical value of ancient maps? How to expand our perception of history?

　bet365 best casino games The first step towards image history

For a long time，Many researchers regard ancient maps as direct reflection of ancient Chinese scientific and technological levels and geographical knowledge，Therefore, most of the research content is limited to the "science" level in the modern sense，Mainly discuss the drawing technology of ancient maps、Accuracy and Drawing Age and other issues。This perspective is largely limited to our cognition of ancient Chinese maps。

Ancient and modern maps were reproduced by people after understanding geographical space，But what needs to be emphasized is，This "cognition" and "reproduction" contains a lot of "subjective" content。These "subjective" content，It is the research value of the map。For ancient Chinese map studies，The drawing technology of the map is the secondary content。So，It is necessary to incorporate ancient maps into the vision of image history，We must convert the perspective of looking at ancient maps，The map is regarded as a "image" with a strong subjectivity。

The first step of traditional map learning towards image history，is "Looking at the picture"，The ancients of the ancients reflected by the content of the map and the surface of the map，Combined with traditional text materials，Put forward some new historical cognition。Some results have been achieved in this area。such as Hualinfu、Li Cheng、Zhou Lei wrote "The Period Library of Prussia Cultural Heritage Library in Germany" (2015 edition of Qilu Shu Society) is based on the map as a historical material，Discuss the Boxer Movement、Geographical conditions of the North China Plain Bet365 lotto review in the late Qing Dynasty。

The existing Chinese map in China is mainly after the Song Dynasty，Most of them were from the Ming and Qing Dynasties，This period is also a period of great rich literature。So，It is unlikely to dig out the lack of records from the map of the map from the map content of a map、major historical events related to geographical space，At most, it can only supplement historical details。

To make up for this defect，Some researchers realize，Compared with text literature，As a map of the image，Its advantage lies in the intuitiveness of geographical elements and its spatial distribution description。So，Put multiple maps of the same era together，It can be found that the basic situation or spatial distribution of certain geographical elements in this era。For example, Xu Pingfang in the "Painting" City of City "and its related issues unearthed from the Han tomb of Ma Wangdui" (Xu Pingfang: "Xu Pingfang Collection: Collection of Chinese Urban Archeology"，Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House 2015 Edition) In a article，Analysis of the seven -sisted city map of the Han Dynasty was proposed，The official houses in the local cities in the Han Dynasty are the most important part of the city，Most of the peripheral wall surrounds the wall，Form another small city in the city，The so -called "Zicheng"。other，Put a series of maps of different eras together，It can be found that a certain geographical element changes with the evolution of the times。I am in the "Research on the Map of Ancient Chinese Urban Map" ("Episode 6，Business Press 2010 Edition) In an article，Analysis of the urban map of the Song and Yuan dynasties，It is discovered that the distribution of the Department in the local cities in the Song Dynasty to Ming has a trend from centralized to decentralized layout。

Although the above studies have exerted the advantages of the map，But still belongs to "Look at the picture"。If you just limit the historical value value of the map，So lack of research depth，Not belonging to the real sense of "image history"。

For more than ten years，Some ancient historical researchers began to notice the "subjectivity" contained in ancient maps，Aware that the map is actually a subjective image。If Ge Zhaoguang saw the "thought" contained in the ancient maps，Thus use it to study the history of thought，He in "History of House China -Reconstruction of" Chinese "(China Book Company 2011 Edition)，Elaborates the imagination of exotic contained in the map、imagination of world order。Another example，Guan Yanbo's "" Outlook on the World "and" Huayi Order "on the ancient Chinese map -Taking the article on the Points of the Song Dynasty Public Maps" ("Qinghai National Research" 2017, Issue 1)，Ancient Map is the political space that people express their cognition、Bet365 app download The most direct method of geographical space and cultural space，Typical is the order of the world that the ancients expressed in the map。Although their research has seen the map as an image，But still starting from the map content of the map，Just excavated the subjectivity contained in the content of the map。For image history，This is still not enough。

　　"Behind the picture":The real transformation of image history

The map is "image"，But we should still realize，The subjectivity contained in "Image" is multi -dimensional、Multi -sides，The historical materials that the image can provide is also multi -dimensional、Multi -sides。Multi -dimensional to discover the map as a "image"、Historical value value on multi -sides，We need to go deep into the "Behind" of the map。This study can be called a real image history research in the real sense。Below，The author takes a set of maps that are not much valued in ancient map research as an example，Discuss how to go deep into "Behind the Facial"。

In the late Ming Dynasty to the Qing Dynasty，There is a series of maps with a relationship with each other，It is characterized by the map in the center of the map，On the map, there are a lot of historical events on the map and around、Exotic customs and other contents。In this series of maps，The earliest can be seen at the earliest is the 34th year of Ming Jiajing, Fujian Longxi Jinsha Academy, "Picture of Ancient and Modern Win"。We can name this series of maps "Map of Ancient and Modern Winning" series。

Use traditional historical analysis methods，We can trace the sources of information of this series of maps。As far as the picture of "the picture of the ancient and the modern form" itself，It should be connected with the "Public Map" sub -class under the book of "Daming One" in the book of Guiyu's "Guangyu Map"。But some of these maps also refer to the world map painted by the priests painted by Chinese priests in the late Ming Dynasty，The geographical range depicted from this to Eurasia，Even the "Global" that I knew at the time。In terms of text，The text on the picture of "The Map of the Winning of Ancient and Modern" can be traced back，The text around the map can be roughly traced back to Guiyu's "Guangyu Maps"、Luo Hongxian's "Guangyu Map" and other works common in the middle and late Ming Dynasty。Overall，This map is not newly created，but "plagiarism" formed。If you only look at the content of the picture，It comes from some maps and texts that are popular in the late Ming Dynasty，So there is no historical value value in this map，It can be used to talk about the "Huayi View" of the Ming Dynasty。but，If you excavate from the degree of knowledge history，We can see the problems on multi -sides。

First is the object and function of this series of maps。Most of the previous researchers believe that Bet365 app download this series of maps belong to "History Map" or "Reading History Map"。This cognition implies the implication of，The audience of this series of maps should be a scholar -husband who has been educated。but，This series of maps not only have a large number of historical facts errors，And there are a lot of text errors，and even some parts cannot be read。So，The audience of this series of maps should be grass -roots masses，Even people who are not very literate。From this，It can be speculated that the main function of this series of maps is not to provide knowledge or as a reference，Instead, it is used for those who "show" the knowledge of the audience and have a broad vision。This is actually very easy to understand，European Revival Europe published a lot of exquisite decoration、Luxury、Great or even customized atlas，But the content of these atlas is often outdated。As for the functions of these atlas，Modern researchers often think that they are used to embellish the noble library to show their "world vision" and social status。Today's analogs are books such as "Scripture History" and "Twenty -Four History" placed in people's bookcases。

As a result, the problem that can be further extended is that the knowledge contained in books in previous research is that the knowledge contained in books is the knowledge of the object.，Also the buyers of these books and knowledge that can be understood，But based on the analysis of the map of the "Map of Ancient and Modern Wins" based on the above，It can be considered that this cognition is a problem。We should recognize，Books、Maps and other types of images Although it is the carrier of knowledge，But they are first of all objects，and most of them are products。So，For the producer、For users and buyers，The functions of these maps and books are diverse，In addition to you can pass knowledge，It can also be used to show the status of the buyer、Used for decoration、As a collection, etc.。So，In research, we cannot assume that their users、Buyers and viewers want to understand、Master or be able to master these knowledge，Not to assume that their producers、Buyers and viewers both care about the knowledge they carry。

Switch the side of a knowledge history，Knowledge contained in this series of maps，It is also popular among the scholars of the same era，That is, the knowledge contained in this series of maps is shared by scholars and folks。According to traditional analysis，This phenomenon shows a kind of knowledge flow from top to bottom，Represents the popularization of knowledge。Although the people of the grassroots may not fully understand this set of knowledge，But the publishing of these maps and books，They do understand、Grasp the opportunity and possibility of this set of knowledge。but but，In addition to bet365 Play online games this traditional analysis，More interesting problem is，Why is this series of maps from the "knowledge" of scholars "knowledge" popular among ordinary people，But is not popular among scholars?

The content of only knowledge cannot answer this question，Many knowledge that is popular among the people and scholars is similar in content。For this，We need to consider the "form" of knowledge。Generally speaking，The content of "Knowledge" is not existing out of thin air，You need to pass the text、Image and other elements，and space between the elements、Logic and other relationships expressed，These expression forms that can be considered knowledge。Not only that，These elements and the various relationships between them are placed in the tortoise shells、Bronze、Bamboo Slip、Silk、Stone and paper and other carriers，And this can be considered as a form of knowledge of knowledge。So，Content of Knowledge、The combination of expression forms and carrying forms，Only the so -called "knowledge"。There is a close connection with the problems discussed in this article. The expression form of knowledge。The expression of knowledge includes: the text used is positive characters、Alien characters or vulgar characters, etc.; Whether in written language or spoken language; whether the wording is elegant;、Beautiful; whether the layout of each element on the carrier is beautiful，Whether it is in line with reading habits; and so on。"Maps of Ancient and Modern Wins" series of maps on the text maps There are many errors，The sentence is not too smooth，and often very "popular"。This seems to indicate that the expression of knowledge affects the object of knowledge spread。From this，We can further draw the following conclusions: It is not only its content that determines the popular group of some kind of knowledge，There is also a form of expression、carrier and other factors。

　　Multi -dimensional mining of the historical value of images

The above two sides are combined，We can get the following cognition: To understand "knowledge"，Can't be limited to its "content"，It is also necessary to bring its carrier、Form、Object、Function, etc. Considering it。

You can also think about another side。We can also see the clear "Huayi View" in this series of maps，But different from the research of Ge Zhaoguang and Guan Yanbo mentioned earlier，Here we want to ask another question，"Huayi View" on the map is a kind of "unconscious" knowledge，Still a "conscious" knowledge? Generally speaking，"Unconscious" knowledge is the times、Cultural and other factors is placed on the carrier of knowledge，The knowledge of "conscious" is the intention of the producer to make。In research, we need to identify these two types of knowledge，For the "Huayi" order on the map of the "Map of Ancient and Modern Wins"，We can't say that bet365 Play online games they are a tool for the use of "Huayi" order in the country or mainstream consciousness，can only be said that they show people's understanding of the order of "Huayi" at that time，Is a "unconscious" knowledge。This kind of knowledge is the knowledge that the mapmaster and viewer of the map may be unaware，Because this kind of knowledge is too familiar to them，If the drawer is not so drawn，It will be strange instead。

The above is just a dimension based on the dimension of knowledge history from the multi -sides.。In addition，We can still see the dimension of cultural communication in the "image behind the image" of this series of maps。As described earlier，Some maps in this series of maps integrate the world map drawn by missionaries at that time。Not only that，This series of maps are introduced to Japan，In Japan, other Asian maps drawn by the Westerners obtained by the Japanese。If interpretation of this dimension，We seem to have thought of the globalization explained by Bu Zhengmin in "Vemel's hat: the rise of global trade" (the 2010 edition of Wenhui Publishing House)。

"Behind the Image" in this series of maps，What we can still see is the dimension of "geographical space cognition"。In that era，Maps drawn based on latitude and latitude began to occupy the mainstream。These maps are similar to today's map，Reight proportion、projection and accuracy。The map drawn by the Chinese during this period is still affected by the traditional "Huayi View"，"Hua" occupies most space on the picture，"Yi" was placed on the corner of the map。From a modern perspective，The "Geographical Space Cognition" in the West is based on absolute coordinates，and the ancient Chinese "geographical space cognition" is based on the orderly constructive order，The two should be incompatible。But in this series of maps，The two are mixed very well，From this we seem to see the "elasticity" and "tolerance" of the ancient Chinese "geographical space cognition"，Even the "scientific" map based on absolute coordinates seems to be so "excellent"。

Of course，Under the vision of image history，The historical value of this series of maps and the historical cognition of its elaborate is far more than the above -mentioned dimensions。This dimension will increase with the change of our "perspective"。

　History diversificationis the key to the history of image history

Through the above brief analysis，We can already see the meaning of walking to "behind the picture"，This is also the key to the transformation of traditional ancient map research to image history。So，How to go to the "back of the picture"? In the author's opinion，In addition to getting rid of the "scientific" perspective of the ancient maps in the past，More importantly, we look at the diversification of historical materials and bet365 live casino games the perspective of historian research，Both of them are from the diversification of theoretical and methods。

Of course，With the steering of Chinese history from the examination to interpretation in recent years，Historical theory and research methods are becoming more diverse，But the current problem is，The current popular theory and research method，If you trace the roots，Most of them are imported products，instead of thinking about it ourselves。Imported products are not terrible，But the question is whether we can truly understand the theory from learning from，and through reference，Can we learn to think ourselves。Although some scholars try to conduct theory、Thinking at the method level，and get a certain influence in China，But there is still a gap compared with top historians worldwide。At present, there is no lack of excellent "craftsmen" in ancient Chinese history research，What is missing is the creative "designer"。

In short，Historical materials will not speak by yourself，Historical materials of the image is the same，The more we look at their perspective，The more they can tell us。To speak,，If we look at their perspective is traditional、Single、Cixedly，So they tell us about what we already know。So，The future development of image history, including ancient maps，It is not just based on the excavation of historical materials，Based on the diversification of all aspects brought by the overall innovation of historios。

(The author is a researcher at the School of History and Archives of Yunnan University)