The decline in the Qing Dynasty is caused by multiple factors，Among them, the corruption of officials is the cause，The main manifestation is the imperial examination fraud，Choose officials as official bribes、Bringing、Cove bribery、Conduct，Assessment failure，and the donation system brings collective corruption of officials。The corruption of the Qing Dynasty officials will have a negative impact on the quality and administrative efficiency of officials at all levels，to destroy the foundation of the Qing Dynasty，Accelerate its decline。

　Bet365 lotto review

Sui and Tang dynasties to drop，The imperial examination becomes the main way to select officials in China，The Qing Dynasty followed。This elite selection is destined to stand out.。Under the pressure of imperial examinations，The scientific examination fraud in the Qing Dynasty is not simply a problem with the paper strip，Instead, it is solidified as a tool for exchanging the interests of the government and government。The children of the officials of the Qing Dynasty in order to improve the imperial examination，Test Scholars、Test Scholars，With official relations，Interoperable photos，Interoperable photos，Form the potential of collective cheating。

Xianfeng Eight Years (1858) Shuntian Township Test，The largest science fraud case in the Qing Dynasty。September，Shun Tianfu Township Trial List，Banner Ticket Friends，Beijing Division Element。October，Royal Shimeng Chuan Jin Qin: "Chinese -style people with flat age Zhu Mo does not match，Negotiation boiling，Please overwhelm the special bank "(" Qingwenzong Real Record "Volume 266)，From this case。During the interrogation process, a series of fraud cases involved in the field。First of all, Luo Hongyi, the head of the Ministry of Criminal Ministry, Bet365 app download asked the head of his fellow soldiers to help。Li Heling handed the joints that had been agreed in advance to the Pu'an Office of the Hanlin Academy through the strip，Remove the mid -volume。So Pu'an asked Jin Xiang to ask the examiner's college family member Jin Xiang，Remove the mid -volume，Luo Hongyi is in the middle，Thank you as usual afterwards。This，After review，Bai Yan was cut off，The largest official of the Wuwu Monaida Case。Li He Ling、Luo Hongyi、Pu'an asks the same day。During the interrogation of Pu'an,，also reported that the deputy leader Kaozhang Zuo Duyu History Cheng Tinggui and his son Cheng Bingcai passed the joint、Traffic Consumer Case。"After the Ministry of Industry, Lang Cheng Bingbai after the Yi Father Cheng Tinggui，Dare to openly receive joint bars，Family Hu Sheng，Inside the transfer field。"(" Qingwenzong Real Records "Volume 288) Journal Cheng Bingcai，News from the children who pass on the joints of the joints of the joint bar。The case was concluded，Most of the officials involved are officials and children。Guangxu 19th year (1893)，Zhejiang Guisi Enke Township Test，Shi Dingxun Cabinet Zhou Fuqing By the benefit of the old consciousness of the same year as his son Boyi and other scientific and other scientific and traffic joints，Ding Ding Ding Xing Xingbu Master Examiner Yin Ruyi。This case was revealed by Yin Ruyu，Zhou Fuqing was jailed。This kind of inertia that fraud according to the lax of near the water tower，Continue until the death of the Qing Dynasty。

　　Donation official system brings official group decay

The Qing Dynasty officials took the imperial examination as the main way，Donation as a different way。National disaster relief、River Gong、Three major items of military demand，Care is quite huge，Insufficient government treasury，Ancient example，Donation and silver。Donate，Langzhong and below of the Ministry of Culture and Officials，Foreign Bet365 app download officials and Taoist members and below have not entered the flow;，Foreign officials below the four products。Although senior civil servants are not in the list of donations，Let's let go of the middle and lower officials，But the officials are the subject of officials，Brotting specific government affairs，The influence of the people's livelihood is great。Loin by donation，The official can get a donation，Remoral in the leather、Donation of the accident officer to be donated，Siter to supplement the shortcoming; test、calendar、Actual donation for exemption，Short the official time; civilians have to donate tribute prison、Feng Dian、Title。No official wants to be an official，Some officials want to be promoted，Alternative officers want to take a shortcut，I want to get identity without identity。Donation for officials、Non -officials are good。

The bureaucratic system of the Qing Dynasty introduced the donation system based on the wealth，The government public sells officials，Missing officialization，The officialdom is full of copper odor。"The other generation takes the official as the trade，Slightly invading money，Number of donations in the original。Bright effect loser，Dark Decompiration。"(" Draft of Qing History "Volume 12) Donation for money for positions、Title，Disorder Xiuqi Zhiping、Learn the Word of Normal Selection，All -colored people are full of people。"State subjects，Gentleman Ginseng half also。Donation class，The dedicated villain。... Donation class，Feng Yingbi Workers，Bringing must be thick，Jiejie must be wide，Avoiding it，Boss will love love，Minister officials must protect。"(" Episode 18 of the Dynasties "Volume 18) This institutional corruption has become an important factor in the decline of the bureaucratic group。

　　Appointment of personal and buyer

On the selection of officials，Officials of the Central Ministry of the Ministry、bet365 live casino games Local Governor has sufficient right to appoint and eliminate。Supervisor's tone is mainly aimed at the simplicity of Daofu，Lack of、The most lacking hall is knowledgeable、Tongjie and local officials。According to the lack of scores in this province，Supervisor will be promoted to the appropriate member call or report of the appropriate members of the belonging。In this case，Local Governor Fun Ruo, private rights and private use，Seeking tone。During the Kangxi period，Xujin Bringing Tune，"First Tu Xia County，Jiosukukuki County，Handbook opened silver to 10,000 thousands of more than one thousand "。Other members of the Turns，If Shandong governor Wang Guochang tunes the pledge of Licheng County，Jiangxi governor tune the king court of Nanchang County，"Or greedy defeat，or a loss of ginseng "。This kind of complicated incident，Both bribery，"Not the Esseler，Once adjusted，The Dao Fu Si Dao is all their guardians "(" Editorial of the Dynasties "Volume 20)，If there is no jealousy。

Administrative envoy under the provincial level under the governor，There is also great power in the selection and appointment of officials，"Officials Shuyu，Total belonging to its product questions，Therefore, there is no inconsistency of the stabbing inspection "(" From Political Regulations "volume)，It is a high incidence of corruption。Qianjia period，Hunan Buzheng envoy Zheng Yuanzheng is bribery officer，"Everyone selected to grant state officials to the province ...，Please instructions，伊，and the license is still not lower。Consptate it，Multi -gold，named Buy Que。Low pricing at a low high，Most of the total in the world and outside of Wanjin "(" Bamboo Pavilion Miscellaneous "Volume 2)。During the same year，Sichuan Fan Xiangkui corrupted officials，"Let's take six or seven years，Bringing Bus，Famous messy。The phase rate of not Xiao Shou ordered in and out of its door，Drilling Period，Everything。bet365 best casino games From the State and County Supervisor Department，Living Most of them "。("The Entry of the Dynasties" Volume 19

Late Qing official ministry，As an official's competent authority，Na Naoma，Seller Juejue。When people lamented: "Officials，What is there from time to time，Wei Qingdi (Prince Qing Yizheng) is priced and recruited，Ming Mean Ban，More significant ears。"" Cao，Xianke index，Usually who worked hard for them，I don’t know how many times，To get a certificate from the income，Some official，Xianke index。"At that time, the Ministry of Officials Langzhong King Charter，Jie Nayi，For it driven，"Everyone every year, Puzhou County, 100,，Presentation of 5 in a tenth -tenth -tenth -tenth -tenth -inch，and take it for two，Yu Ze's peers divide Run "。("Ten Ye Ye Wen" volume)

　　Officials' assessment is really disappointed

　Assessment is an important way to test the administrative efficiency of officials。Evaluation of officials in the Qing Dynasty，Civilian has Jingcha、Plan，Military officials have military politics。Assessment advantages and disadvantages are an important basis for official appointment，Outstanding You Sheng，Eight methods for inferiority (six methods) punishment。But the assessment as a national behavior in the bureaucratic system of the Qing Dynasty，Affected by the government's administration，黜 陟 陟 陟 功 功 Weakened。Late Qing officials rule corruption，Assessment failure，Agreement，The criterion for the pros and cons of the members of the members。Jingguan Jingcha，"Members of the Six Hall officials，Illustrated to cater to those who have their own intentions as those who know things，The manuscript is the person who is not known for his unknown，Those who take the daily humble words 巧 巧 巧，Those who take the mouth of the seated mouth to the mouth "。(Guangxu Chao's "Daqing Ceremony Example" Volume 78) "No matter what you just keep，Regardless of qualification，Regardless of the case，Regardless of the science，The non -expensive children in the preserved are the glittering teenagers，But to cover up your ears by diligence，In fact, the usual point is different，Most of them come from asking ... This generation is good for，Everyone is happy with the official，Not only not to embarrass，I want to do it。Past Jingcha's talent to be guaranteed、The political diligence is half this type "。("The Entry of the Dynasties" Volume 19) Local plan，"Fengjiang official，Polish to rush to meet as a capable member，It has no Chinese，The supervisor is often visible，Undecated Test "。("Real Record of Qing Muzong" Volume 1)

On the issue of containing official corruption，The Qing Dynasty made a lot of effort，If you are punished, there is a violation of the subject.、Strengthen official guarantee accountability，But the effect is not great。Official corruption has a serious negative impact on the politics of the Qing Dynasty。

Low literacy，The corruption of the official selection session of the officials subverted the foundation of the entire bureaucracy，Worsening the environment of official governance。The person who is unlocked is not the public、Low literacy，Not diligent in government affairs，and exacerbate the wind of the officialdom，Feng Ying Boss，Bringing bribery becomes normal。"Those who are good at meeting with each other are members，悃愊 悃愊 悃愊 任。Big illegal and small，Unclear officials。"(" Qing Renzong Real Records "Volume September 1)，But knowing the Chief of the Chiefs，夤 干。Foreign and Fanzhu Daofu County，Also nourish the presence，Private fraud，Set local people's livelihood and not ask。"" Volume 7 of the Qing Muzong Record)

Second，Quote private、Ren people can only exacerbate interests between bureaucratic groups。Disputes in the feudal officialdom，The most need is to enhance your own forces，The most common approach is to select or promote personal friendship through various Bet365 app download channels。In the scientific examination, there are teachers and students of the teacher and students in the scientific examination，You can do it，Jie Tongxiang，夤，Ministry of Church officials、Supervisor's Tsui Tune，The normalization of officials of officials and station teams。In the late Qing Dynasty Li Hongzhang Quansheng，A large number of appointments，Anhui Township "Wen Feng Ji Ji，Boarding Base Camp，Set placement，Foreign people have no place where there is no accommodation "。("National Wearing Preparation" Volume 1)

Proof of historical facts，The Qing Dynasty officials were institutional corruption and human corruption in parallel.，This is an important reason for the worsening of the government in the Qing Dynasty，Finally buried the Qing Dynasty in the long river。

(Author Unit: School of History and Culture, Changchun Normal University)