Ancient charities in China originated earlier，Development of the Wei, Jin, Northern and Southern Dynasties and the Tang and Song dynasties，Ming and Qing Dynasties, especially in the late Qing Dynasty，Charity Organization is developing faster。Late Qing Dynasty，When the epidemic occurs，These charity organizations often actively act，For the anti -epidemic disaster、Make an important contribution to ensuring the safety of the people's lives。

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Late Qing Dynasty，After the epidemic，Charity Organization contributed to the prevention and control of the epidemic from various aspects。

First，Shi Yao Di medicine。The occurrence of plague is often suddenly and fierce，At this time, medical resources on the local area often be in short supply，It is difficult to meet the needs of medical treatment，Charity Organization will carry out good deeds for medical treatment，Provide medical assistance to the people。Report on "Report"，Guangxu 11th year (1885)，Epidemic disasters in Wuhu，"Pharmaceutical Pharmaceutical，San to everywhere "，Provide medicines for people infected。Some are organized by local officials to organize some temporary charitable organizations，Carry out medical assistance for the local people。Guangxu five years，Tianjin "Ma Songpu Taishou now worships Li Jue Xiang，Establish a medical bureau in the west of the government，Opening the first day of June，Stop stop on the 10th of September，Daily to the game，Unscrupulous Sandales，Regardless of distance，Men and women, old and young，Alignment for a doctor "。In addition to many comprehensive charitable organizations for medical treatment and medicine, actively carry out epidemic rescue treatment，After Tongzhi，Many pharmaceutical bureaus that rescue the disease also appeared，Rus "True Ru Zhi" record，Bao Mountain, established in the three years of Xuantong (1911), Zhenru Shi Medical Bureau，Summer in the event of multiple episodes，"Extension bet365 live casino games of internal surgeons to apply for two months in the 147th period"。

Next，Coffee help burial。Aid burial is one of the important functions of charitable organizations。According to Liang Qizi statistics，The special coffin -like charity organizations specialized in the Qing Dynasty as many as 587。When the epidemic occurs,，A large number of population death allows this function of charity organization to further amplify，There are charity organizations giving coffins in various places、Records assisted by helping。Some charity organizations give the coffin to the poor people who are weak to burn relatives，According to "Dantu County Health" records，Guangxu thirty -two years，Local "Plague Popularity，Death，Wang Yangxian、Wang Shuxun's creation of the Materials Bureau to give it "。Some are deep into the epidemic area to assist in buried remains in the wilderness。Tongzhi second year (1863)，Huizhou was recovered by the official army，Fuchuan Siyuantang, Fukawa "Pharmaceutical E -Zone，Burning each other is a difficult bone "。Some charitable organizations are to combine coffins and burials to deal with，Rudo Report on the Fifteenth Year of Guangxu，March of that year，Wuhu "The laryngeal disease is prosperous ... the deceased is better than the household，Poverty and road to the flow of beggars，Jixiangtang applies coffins to collect，Destiny for the day "。Some powerful charity organizations also expand the coffin activities to the surrounding areas，Ru Guangxu fifteen years，Plague occurred in Liaodong，Yingkou "The Shan Shan Shan Xian Shan Xishan in the medicine and applied medical treatment，300 coffin，to Gaizhou with a hundred people，Two hundred reserved Yingkou "。The above measures avoid the further spread of the epidemic，On the other hand, it also shows the humanistic care of the deceased in traditional culture。

Last，Sanitary epidemic prevention。Late Qing Charity Organization while doing a good job of treatment of the disease，Make a great contribution to the prevention of plague。The more important preventive measures at that time were acne，This is a kind of effective medical method to prevent smallpox。According to "Hongjiang City Chronicle" record，12 years of Guangxu，bet365 best casino games Local plague epidemic，The deceased has more than 3,000 people，"Yangying Hall hired a doctor Liu Shiquan from Changde to bring acne seedlings to the childcare hall，Apply acne for children in urban and rural children "，Help these abandoned children to form immunity to resist smallpox。The general approach to hygiene and epidemic prevention is the mouse extinguishing，Mouse is an important medium for spreading various plague, especially the plague，Large -scale mice can effectively prevent the occurrence of the epidemic。According to records，Guangxu 20 years，Guangdong Drought，To prevent the plague from occurring，Local officials and gentlemen actively act，Local Shourong、Observation of Xiangshan County、Nanhai County Order and others actively raise funds to establish temporary charitable organizations，"Set up Bureau，Buy dead rat at Duobaofang，Seven essays for each money ... Buy rotten rat buried "。Rats of a large amount of infection are buried，to a large extent prevent the occurrence of plague。There are also some charitable agencies to foresee the possible epidemic disaster，Pick up medicinal materials in advance，。For example, "Report" June 16, 1911，Published a notice entitled "Huayang Yizhen Special Zhi Zhi Xie"，​​Its content is thanks to the medicinal materials sent by Suzhou charity people，And particularly emphasized: "That is, the application of the disaster area，Time Summer Order，After the catastrophe is hungry and cold，Subsequent fumigation，Diseases can be rushed，Shi Yaocheng is a top priority。”

　　Features of epidemic prevention

Late Qing Charity Organization actively carried out epidemic prevention and control，Its control work presents the following features。

First，Local officials actively act as。The Qing government is often absent for the epidemic，But local officials showed their due responsibilities in response to the plague。Some charity organizations are founded by local officials，Ru Guangxu 28 years，"Great Epidemic、hunger，Daily dead reaches hundreds of people，Zhizhou Zhuang Honglie donated money to set up a pharmacy bureau for drug "。Some officials play an active role in the response to the disaster in charity，According to bet365 best casino games the record of "Changzhi City"，Guangxu Four Years，Local Drought Drought Explanation，"Local scholars and merchants donate 13,000 two thousand two，Give Guo Congju in the capital and donate 1,000 two two "，Formed a temporary charity。

2，High degree of professionalism。Plague prevention requires professional medical technology，So in the process of dealing with the disease，Many charitable organizations focus on improving the medical care level of epidemic prevention。In the late Qing Dynasty，A considerable number of medical bureaus specialized for treatment of diseases，For example，Ningbo cholera pop，"Every good monk contributed to the medical bureau，Those who are poverty -treating and who can do medical diseases "。In the same year，Due to cholera，Yangzhou also set up a professional "Real Ji Bureau"，This bureau is initiated by 28 gentry，county magistrate Liu Depeng contributed，Zhao Haixian、Wei Xiaoquan、Wei Yintang and other famous doctors in the doctor，Formulated a strict duty system，"Famous doctors divide the line value，Dawn to the bureau，Restaurant of sunset "。After the epidemic is over，"Treatment Experience Experience，Zhao Haixian、Jiang Qu Chun coincides with the "New Book of cholera" in the world "。The level of medical specialization of these charity organizations is high，It has played a more important role in improving the effectiveness of the prevention and control of epidemic disasters。

third，Pay attention to the combination of traditional Chinese and Western medicine。Western medicine is introduced into China in the late Ming and early Qing dynasties with the wave of "Western learning east"，and got the recognition of the Qing government。During the Reform Movement of the Wuxu，Jingshi University Church Supervisor Sun Jiaye, please, "You should set up another medical school，Seeking Chinese and Western Medicine，Return to the University Hall and under the jurisdiction，Future medical advancement "。It can be seen that the concept of Chinese and Western medicine joined forces to resist immunity has been accepted by the time people。Charity Organization also pays attention to the use of the combination of traditional Chinese bet365 live casino games and western medicine in the anti -epidemic disaster，According to carrier，Guangxu thirty -two years，"Hankou is close to the current flowing from Xiangshui，Epidemic cluster，Jianghanguan Dao Dao Dao Chen Shaoshi Observation，Special Capitals hire Chinese and Western doctors，Five places for cure for the disease，To raise the poor "。Another example，34 years of Guangxu，Shanghai plague outbreak，When other doctors continue to use traditional Chinese medicine treatment，Gentlemen Shen Dunhe、Zhu Yisan and other charity people prepare to build a Chinese Red Cross Hospital，Hire a British doctor Ke Shifu for medical treatment。This kind of rescue method of combining traditional Chinese and western medicine，Improving the efficacy of the prevention and control of epidemic disease。

　　results and deficiency

Late Qing Charity Organization actively carried out epidemic prevention，Get a certain amount of results。

First，Save patient life。The charity organization of the late Qing Dynasty conducted effective treatment of people infected with people，Save the lives of many patients。As mentioned earlier, the 11th year of Guangxu Wuhu epidemic disaster，Jixiangtang's homemade drugs are given everywhere，Getting a good treatment effect，"The serving person should see the effect，Very many lives "。In the same year，Shanghai Chuansha region "Especially ... Huang Zhisheng Taishou got off the car，Mercy，Donation immediately ... Hire a Huzhou Confucianist Wu Junxiao from Shanghai to sand，Set up the bureau's treatment，Those who go to the bureau for medical treatment，Daily with hundreds of places，Wu Jun is good at medical science，Become Chengchun，Living people very crowd "。

Next，Control the development of the epidemic。Charity Organization through timely treatment of patients，The possibility of preventing or reducing the large -scale diffusion of plague，At the same time, assist in buried a large number of corpses abandoned in the wild，It also effectively curbs the further diffusion of the germs。Such as "Report" record，Guangxu Four Years，Storm plague in Yangqu County, Shanxi，Countless deceased，"Unable to be unable to funeral，Economic Bureaus buried 12,000 is strange "。In the Dongtai plague that occurred in the same year，Bet365 lotto review "Except for the deceased of the Lord's House,，Yu Yishan Hall is buried，Nearly a thousand people a day，Outside the city of Yizuki，New funeral is tired，There is no gap cloud cloud "。

Last，Stable local order。Large -scale epidemic occurs suddenly，Food in society、Medical and other resources often appear large gaps，If the patient can not get timely treatment，If the patient can not get timely treatment，Affecting social stability。Charity Organization should take medical treatment in time，Provide food，To a certain extent to make up for the shortage of resources，Play a positive role in stabilizing social order。June like three years of governance，Huzhou "Tianyan epidemic，Daily deceased moves to hundreds "，In the face of the social turmoil that may be caused by factors such as food shortage，"Manager good latter facility porridge bureau in Nanzha，Thousands of people with porridge "，Resolve the crisis in time。It is like Guangxu 14 years，Ningbo "The weather is suddenly hot recently，I heard that the symptoms of cholera vomiting and diarrhea，The slums inside and outside the city compartment are unable to extend the doctor.，Fortunately, Shantang Linli，Preparation of Pill Sanxu medicine for delivery，There are also good scholars to contribute to the medical bureau，Those who are poverty -treating and who can do medical diseases "。Shan Tang、Medical Bureau and other charities provided medical assistance，Make the poor people avoid psychological panic caused by not getting timely treatment，Therefore, "The weak people have no joy to carry the road"，thus effectively stabilizing social order。

Late Qing Dynasty，When the government is often absent from the government，Charity Organization undertakes the heavy responsibility of resistance，and played a more important role。but but，These charity organizations are mostly established by folk forces，Its funds and supplies are mostly raised by some gentlemen with conscience and social responsibility，Power without deployment of social resources。So，In the process of dealing with the epidemic，These charity organizations will have stretched embarrassment。There are a large number of similar records in the report，Ru Guangxu's 20 -year outbound epidemic，"Inside and outside the Bet365 lotto review city compartment，The medical bureau came to the cure，There is a situation of overwhelming "。Another like Guangxu 26 years，A epidemic occurred in Haikou，"The coffin made by each good hall is as many as 5,000 hundreds，It has no poverty，I can't give it to Shan Tang，Artemisia burial.，It is also not victorious，Miseration of Disaster Elephant，It's unbearable "。Another，Most charity institutions are established in relatively developed big cities，and small and medium -sized cities and villages rarely have their own footprints。Therefore，The effectiveness of the prevention and treatment of the worship of charities should not be done.。

(This article is the State Social Science Foundation Project "The Prevention and Treatment of the Jiangsu and Zhejiang Region and its contemporary revelation (20vyj010) in the Ming and Qing Dynasties)

(Author Unit: College of History of Anhui Normal University)