Confucius said: "Those who have literary affairs must have martial arts，There must be a textual reserve with those who have a warrior "，Military is always an important part of social life。"Zuo Zhuan" talks about "the big event of the country，Sacrifice and Rong "，is for an ancient country，There are two core events: the first is sacrifice，A form of communication with heaven and man，Research the legitimacy and sacredness of this regime; the second is war，Keep your country，Pioneering territory，Survive in the fierce and cruel competition。In this sense，East and West are the same。

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Military occupies a dominant position in the historical process，is the basic common sense。This is reflected in the following aspects。

First，Military technology is a measure of social productivity and technical level，Most of the most advanced productivity is first applied to the military field。"Mandarin · Qi" said "US dollars with swords and halberds，Try Chuangma "，"Tuzi Little Questions" talks about "the fine material to the world" and "the good worker in the world"，All in the military field。This is the same in today's world，The most advanced process、Technology is often in the military field。

Second，Many important social systems in the East and West are sprouted in the military field。For example, various management systems，Including a sitting system、Baojia system、Military Gongjue (later evolved into the people)，Born in the army，Then promote it to society。

third，The central proposition of reform in the history of the East and West is usually military -oriented。"Shang Shougong" in the Shang Yang Changfa，Wang Anshi's reform in the reform of "Baojia", "Generals", and other strong troops。In the Warring States Period，The "Hu Wei Riding Shooting" carried out by King Zhao Wuling is pure military reform，Then it drives the change of the entire society。The so -called strengthening centralization in Chinese history，The key is to strengthen the control of the monarch's right to military rights，Such as "Tiger Charm Fatting System", "Cup Wine to Release Military Power"bet365 Play online games ，Zhu Yuanzhang replaced the "Governor Governor's House" with the "Five Army Governors"，"Military Aircraft Office" in the Qing Dynasty。This is the same in the West，Whether it is Sparta or Athens、Ancient Rome，Social organizations and reform measures are usually centered on military construction。

During the pre -Qin period，The person who is really admired is not a cultural person，but 赳赳 Wushu，"Book of Songs · Rabbit" says "赳赳 夫，Gonghou Qiancheng "，赳赳 Wushu is the pillar of the country。Scriptures、History、Son、The book classification method of the episode is the appearance of the Sui and Tang dynasties，"Han Zhi" is divided into "six tips"，"Six Arts", "Zhu Son", "Poetry", "Bing Book", "Digital Skills", "Fang Skills"。where，"Bingshu" is an independent category，"Zhuzi" is a hand -driving。Early historical works in the West，such as Herodo's "History"、"History of the Berlonnenian War"、Caesar’s "Gaul War", etc.，Most of them are military history works。So，Military History is one of the core contents of the historical and culture of East and West，The history of Chinese and Western civilization for thousands of years is a history of military activities in a sense，Display military content，It can’t be mentioned that there is a complete meaning of world history。

Generally speaking，Chinese military learning thoughts are sprouted in pre -Qin，A separate academic theoretical system was formed during the Spring and Autumn and Warring States Periods，Enrichment of enrichment in the Qin, Han Dynasty, Wei, Jin, and Northern and Southern Dynasties，Rich developed from the Song Dynasty to the Ming and Qing Dynasties，The late Qing Dynasty allowed to be located in modern Western military science。

　　The pre -Qin is budding and preliminary development period

The pre -Qin period was the first peak of the development of Chinese military learning thinking，It is a bud and preliminary development period。The thought of soldiers is included in Oracle、Golden、"Shangshu", "Book of Songs", "Zhou Yi" and other content，The masterpiece is "Ancient Sima Military Law"。It reflects the basic spirit of "military ceremony"，Promote "with rituals as a solid，Taking benevolent as a victory "，Profitting bet365 best casino games "Nine Foundation Methods", "No Blums", "Not Killing Huangkou，Do not get Er Mao "，Promote "not a hundred steps one step，Zong Sui is not three houses "" Battle without running around，Do not fill in "，Emphasize "Military Based on Shu's main ...，Apostles do not tend，Car does not go "。your "partial battle" and cheap "fraud war"，"Set up day，Drumming and fight，Drumming and fight，Not fraud "，There are a lot of restrictions in the troops to fight，If you do not funeral、Not due to fierce ", etc.。

Late Spring and Autumn Period，major changes in the war。First，The nature of the war has changed from hegemony to merge，The war is even more cruel，Ru Mencius talked about "fighting with the ground with battle，Murder Yingye; fight for the city with war，Murder Yingcheng "。Second，The military composition changes，The soldiers have changed from nobles to ordinary people。third，The war area has expanded，Expansion from the large plain in the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River to the hills in the south、Marsh、Lake area。fourth，Weapons have changed，From the bow and arrow to the crossbow machine，Increased accuracy、The range is increased。Weapons and equipment changes bring combat style、Army formulation system、Military concepts and theoretical changes。This is the case in the West，For example, British military scientist Fuller proposed in the book "Armored War"，Just as the combat weapon changes，The characteristics of the war also changed，This is an unquestionable fact。But what cannot be ignored in tactics is，The weapon is changing due to the change of civilization，The change of the weapon is not formed by isolation。

Before the late Spring and Autumn Period，The army is relatively slow。For example, "Shang Shu · Mu Yao" said: "Don't take six steps、Seven steps，，Qi ；;、Five Cape、Liujia、Seven Gargin，，Qi。"and" Sun Tzu's Art of War "emphasized" the main speed of the soldiers，Ferred by people，From the way of not Yu，Attacking what it does not abstain from "，Mo -God Speed。Before the late Spring and Autumn Period，The army fights politeness and rules，"No obstruction", "No drums"。After that, "soldiers with fraud，Elimi，Taking the division as a change Bet365 lotto review "，The army fights depends on deceit、Deception，"Soldier，Taoism also "。The Warring States Period，The development of military learning has entered the continuation of "Sun Tzu's Military Law"、Evolution stage，The Bohn Bian Book Book appeared，Representative includes "Wei Liao Zi", "Wu Zi Bing Law", "Sun Ying Bing Law" and today's "Sima Law"。The later period of the Warring States Period is the summary of the pre -Qin soldiers、Comprehensive stage，"Liu Tao" appeared。"Liu Tao" entrusted the name Jiang Tai Gong's office，But the earliest books in the late Warring States Period，It may even be a book in the Qin and Han dynasties。It is very large，There are sixty articles，Clean content，Not only military issues，The political concept of the pre -Qin sons。"Six Tao" includes "military power", "soldiers' situation", "soldier yin and yang", "soldier skills"，Reflected comprehensive，It is consistent with the integrated social thought at that time。

　　Qinhan to Sui and Tang dynasties is a transition period

From Qin and Han to Sui and Tang dynasties is the transition period of the development of Chinese military learning thinking，There are not many soldiers during this period，But a large number of war practice enriches military theory。For example，Previous war was mainly from east and west combat，Not involved in North -South issues，There will be no consideration of "South Ship and North Malaysia"，This period is different。

other，The thought of military studies during this period is more reflected in countermeasures。So，The most exciting thought thought in this period is not in the book of war，For example, "The Sixteen Policy" and "The Garden" cannot determine whether the author is Zhuge Liang，Its thoughts did not exceed the pre -Qin soldiers。but，Those countermeasures，Ruhan Xin's "Hanzhong Pay"、Zhuge Liang "Longzhong Pay"、Sheep "Ping Wu Shu"、The Western Han Dynasty Zhang Liang and others contributed and contributed、Gao Yan and He Ruoyu's military recommendations made by Emperor Sui Wen，is the real essence，The practicality of military studies has greatly improved。Except for military officers，Politician、thinkers also pay attention to military issues。Ruwu "Soldiers Things"、Wang Fu's "Salvation" Bet365 app download and "Real Border" in the "Substation"。

There are two signs in the development of military thought during this period，One is the conversion of the theme of the soldiers，The other is the strategy to the battle、Conversion of the battle level。The former is such as "Huangshigong Three Three"，It is a unified soldier，The theme is different from the pre -Qin soldiers。The pre -Qin soldiers learned about winning the world、Take the world，"Three Strategy of Huangshigong" is about An Tianxia、Govern the World。Although there are also war during this period，But peaceful development is the mainstream，Therefore, most of the soldiers at this time are to maintain safety，instead of siege。other，The theme of military studies during this period has changed from combat to governing army，So "Huangshigong Three" rarely involves combat command，More emphasis on governing the army，Especially the relationship between the relationship between monarchs and generals。It is both a military learning，Also political science。

Wei, Jin, Northern and Southern Dynasties to Sui and Tang Dynasties have rich war practice，So "Tang Taizong Li Weigong Question" uses real war cases to confirm the abstract things in "Sun Tzu's Military Law"，Specifically,、Details，That is, "，Fingers to attacked and defensive，Change the master and guest，There are gains when the soldiers are micro -intention "。So，Chinese military thoughts from Qin and Han dynasties to Sui and Tang dynasties are relatively stable development，But still has its distinctive features。

　　Song Dynasty is the peak of the theory of military science

The Song Dynasty soldiers were another peak in the development of ancient Chinese military theory.。Song Dynasty comparative preferential intellectuals，but too weak，No strong military strength，can only be supported and made up for military strategies。The prosperity of the military theory of the Song Dynasty, on the one hand, is reflected in the rise of martial arts in the Song Dynasty，systematically cultivate professional military talents。On the other hand，There are "Seven Books of Wu Jing" in the Song Dynasty，Is the official textbook of martial arts。China since ancient times, Anbang Culture and Martial Arts and use it，"Wen" refers，"Wu" is "The Seven Books Bet365 app download of Wu Jing"。In the Song Dynasty, there was a military book "The General Essential of Wu Jing"。

More importantly，Song Dynasty soldiers divided into different categories，More professional。The Song Dynasty soldiers have a special research military system，such as the "System of the Past";，such as "Shoucheng Record"; large -scale military books，such as "General Effective of Wu Jing";，Such as "Hundred Warfare Methods"，There are comments in military historical figures、Event，such as "Dr. He Preparation"。

　　Ming and Qing dynasties entered the stage of Shoucheng

Ming and Qing Dynasties，The development of Chinese military learning ideas has entered the stage of Shoucheng，This is the end point of ancient Chinese soldiers，But there are still significant features。One aspect，There are many soldiers in the Ming and Qing Dynasties，Such as "Formation", "Skin Skin Talk", "Cao Lu Jing", etc.。In the Ming Dynasty, there was a tactical leading summary，For example, Qi Jiguang's "New Book of Ji Effect" and "Training Real Period"。Due to the problem of pirates in the Ming Dynasty，Marine Defense Forces Book，For example, Zheng Ruo Zeng's "Circular Capital"。Western firearms also introduced in the Ming Dynasty，Such as Ferlang machine cannon, etc.，The transportation of the cannon and its deployment and cooperation with the hot and cold weapon combat，Sheng Sun Chengzong's "Car Camp Deduction Combined"。On the other hand，The Ming and Qing troops pay special attention to "training heart"，Ideological Education，Make sure the army's absolute obedience to the imperial power。End of the Qing Dynasty，Cai Yan's "The Quotations of Zeng Hu Zhi Bing" is also aimed at military governance。The reason why it is "governing soldiers" rather than "use of soldiers"，Its mystery lies in this，Compared with loyalty，The strength of combat effectiveness is a secondary problem。Ming and Qing Military Thoughts has a certain innovation，But essentially speaking，No major breakthrough，It is the end of ancient Chinese soldiers。Western military science was introduced，major changes in Chinese military science，Traditional soldiers gradually allowed to be located in modern military studies。

What needs to be emphasized is，Chinese military ideology is rich and developed in various eras，But its core content and basic bet365 Play online games principles are that there is no essential change，As Mao Yuanyi said，"Hou Gongzi，Can't be left for grandson "。As the highest achievement of ancient Chinese soldiers，"Sun Tzu's Art of War" is difficult to surpass。This understanding，It is also common in Western military scientists。Ru Fuller has also said in his masterpiece "Armored War": "There are no absolute things in the world ... in many stages of the war will adopt basic same combat forms again ... All the past adopted in the past will be adopted in the past Strategy and tactics，Conscious or unconsciously formulated based on military principles。"This also illustrates the eternal principle of military science、Stability and universality。A word to cover it，Core issues of ancient Chinese soldiers，If you pay attention to generals、First, then battle、Main attack、Concentration forces、Main attack、Pay attention to mental factors and morale excitement, etc.，For thousands of years, it has been inherited、penetration of each other。

(Author Unit: National College of Renmin University of China)