Looking at the process of civilized exchanges and cultural communication in human history，Religious、War and trade are the three major ways。Italy and China are geographically at both ends of the European and Asia，Yao Xiangwang。Before modern times，The possibility of war between the two countries is very small，Religion and trade has become the main field of communication between the two parties。Italians have some unique conditions，The national characteristics shaped by its specific historical processes and cultural traditions，Make them play an active pioneer and main role in the history of Chinese and Western civilization exchanges。

At the beginning of Chinese and Western Exchange，Most of the ancient Rome and China exchanges only unilateral historical materials，Lack of mutual evidence。such as，According to "The Book of the Han Dynasty" and "Jin Shu" records，Roman ambassador in 166 AD、From 280 to 289, I arrived in China。But，Rome has no historical materials to confirm。According to Roman historical materials，Augustus era，A ambassador from the "Silk Kingdom" once arrived in Rome，But Chinese historical materials are not mentioned。The incident that can be confirmed is the life of the class in 1997，Gan Ying originally wanted to make envoys to the Roman Empire。He reached the Persian Bay，but did not continue to move forward，Perhaps the discouraged people who controlled the traffic channel at that time caused it to return。

Due to the distance in space，Some myths and legends have formed between Chinese and Western sides of the unwanted surface，People will miss their thoughts on the golden age and desire for utopia happiness，Strive on the distant bet365 Play online games nation。The Chinese call the Roman Empire "Daqin"，"The people grow up and flat，There are types of China "" Human Qin straight，There is no second price in the city "。No gangsters on the way to Daqin，They appoint 36 veterans to discuss state affairs，Lixian is king。and the Romans call China "Silk Kingdom"，The Chinese are very tall、Red hair、Blue Eyes，They don’t know God，Longevity can reach hundreds of years。This kind of imagination is larger and actual，But both sides are based on their self -confidence in their own civilization，Another vast mind and desire to explore the desire of knowledge for the other end of the mainland。

13th century，Rise of the Mongolian Empire，The understanding of the intermediate Shangkou ear or even the meaning of the intention can be partially corrected，The re -understanding of the East has also become a catalytic factor for the development of social and economic changes in the West。In the history book of later generations，The most dazzling Italian in that period is Mark Polo Mo。Actually，He is just one of the Italians of the Chinese and Western Exchange Media。Religious aspect，The main characters who come to China to mission from China are from Italy。Ruwang Berlang guest settled in China in 1245，After returning to Europe, edited "History of Mongolia"。Ruwang Meng Gaowano as a pope，Depart from Italy in 1290，arrival in China through the sea，I never left after seeing Yuan Chengzong，Dist until 80 years old，Gravestone remains in Quanzhou today。

In terms of trade，1255 Quanzhou Customs Officer Zhao Ruxi wrote "Zhu Fanzhi"，Among them, some situations in Sicily are recorded。According to the records of Western literature，Among Italian businessmen who come to China，The names that can be checked include a number of Genoa and the Venetian，Some of them even married Chinese women，Settle in China，Finally grows here，Yangzhou bet365 Play online games has also unearthed these Italian tombstones。14th century，A bank staff member of Florence will work with his colleagues and colleagues，Organize a book called "Sale Manual"，Introduce how to travel to businessmen around the world，Among them, it includes China that he has never arrived。Despite this，Marco Polo is still the most important Italian in the process of exchange between China and the West。The travel notes he left stimulate European world desire，Born a geographical discovery。

Marco Polo will not think of，His actions indirectly led Italy to gradually lose his splitting for centuries，Finance in Europe、Trade Center is no longer exclusive to Italy，Trade channels for exchanges between China and the West have also begun to be developed and monopolized by other European countries。but but，The Italians continue to master the religious approach。Jesus' activities in China can make breakthroughs，Thanks to several flexible Italians。such as，Fan Li'an arrived in Macau in September 1578，Then he realized，Portugal and Spain resort to force、The thinking of guns is not desirable，Religious personnel of the two countries are deeply affected by national interests、Race prejudice and rigid thinking，Not easy to compromise，Not interested in studying Chinese language and culture。So，He requested from the superior club，Two young veterans to study language in Macau，Also adhere to the request must be Italian，They have no nationalist prejudice due to their temperament and cultural background，More suitable for this heavy task。Matteo Ricci was sent to Macau，and prove the correctness of Fan Lian's choice with practice。

Before Matteo Ricci，The reason why the Italians occupy the main position during the exchange of Chinese and Western civilization，Basically because they have been in the "center" of the Western world for a long time。The glory of the ancient Roman Empire Bet365 lotto review must not be repeated，They were in the first heyday of Western civilization at that time，Facing East，They have natural discourse dominance。"Daqin" was originally created by the Central Asian nation in the middle area，It means wider than Qin Kingdom (China)、More powerful。Communication through the middlemen，Chinese and Western parties have more impression of each other like myths and legends，But this is based on equal imagination based on their respective strength and stable regime，And the development of civilization between the two parties is enough to support this equality、Communication of imagination mode。Not only that，Indirect material exchange also depends on the degree of development of the social and economic development of both parties。Ancient Romans may have a mistake in knowing the appearance of the Chinese，But very familiar with Chinese silk。Half of the total number of coins of the Roman Empire flows to the Oriental Trading Market，The strong purchasing power of the Romans makes it the biggest consumer group in the west。

4-10 Century，Greek、Latin information about China basically stays in the ancient Roman period。13th -14th century Chinese and Western exchanges have made progress，This is another glory period in Italian history。Mediterranean business unprecedented prosperity，Venice, urban country in Italy、Reinaa、Florence and other important economic foundations that have promoted the exchange of Chinese and Western civilization。Take Venice, the birthplace of Marco Polo as an example，10th century，Venice already has an ocean fleet，and obtained the sea right of the Aristia Sea，Almost completely monopolized Constantinople、Transportation trade west of Xiaoya Minor Port。In the era of the Crusades，Venice received generous remuneration in the process of providing transportation and material protection for military activities，At the same bet365 Play online games time, it also took the opportunity to expand the scope of business forces，ushered in a period of rapid development。Actually，Remove strategy、In addition to geographical location advantages，Venice does not have more relying on，But built a well -developed woolen、Silk weaving、Shipbuilding、The weapon manufacturing industry is equal to the one -sea power of the sea。The weapon manufacturing industry is equal to the one -sea power of the sea，Make Italy faces great challenges in establishing a unified national country，But it also provides opportunities for Italian to take the main force of Chinese and Western civilization for a long time。Residents of these cities are more careless about feudal，and more enthusiastic about the splendid Western classical civilization。They are not bathing blood fields because they are loyal to a certain kingquanity，I am more willing to be loyal to business interests or religious beliefs。

Marco Polo's back is relying on a powerful Venice，Practicing the trade channel for the exchange of Chinese and Western civilization。Another outstanding figure, Matteo Ricci, practiced religious channels，Behind it is the deep -rooted Christian tradition of Italy。but，Matteo Ricci not only has religious meaning，Just as Marco Polo concentrates the commercial expansion motivation in the background of the Mediterranean capitalist bud，Its meaning is not limited to material interests and economic development。

First，Italian history has complexity and unity。One aspect，For a long time，Specifies on the Yapingning Peninsula、State State Lin Li，Politics in cities in cities、Under the promotion of economic interests，Attempt to establish the highest power through internal struggle，It seems that water and fire are not allowed，No country cannot overwhelm sex to defeat another。On the other hand，They also have blood、Culture、Family Life、bet365 best casino games Politics、Economy、Unity of religious behavior and other aspects，close connection with each other。Although it cannot be completely split，But it can’t successfully build a unified independent kingdom。Diversity is the advantage of Italy，The foundation for Italians to undertake the mission of Chinese and Western civilization。Its local identity and religious identity have long been higher than the national national identity formed later，They are not easy to be controlled by nationalist prejudice and national interests，Therefore, it is more willing to communicate with the distant Oriental civilization。

Next，History and humanism in Rome，To a certain extent, it helps Italian to form a relative enlightened to another civilization、tolerance attitude。It is true，Behind this attitude is driven by strong purpose，They favor flexibility、Practical means，Calling attention to actual issues and situations，With realist characteristics。Matteo Ricci is the classic example of this feature。When he realizes that the identity of the "Western Monk" is not conducive to actual action，Immediately change the old example，"He Confucianism and Easy Buddha"。His upper line and cultural strategy，Based on the in -depth understanding of Chinese language and culture。His political vision，Understanding diplomatic compromise，The means he use can even find the source in the thoughts of Makiavili and Guichandini。They all think，Regardless of individual or country，Fighting for success is absolutely necessary、The only correct goal。

To sum up，Long and heavy historical accumulation prompted Italians to form a relatively open civilization view。and the slow process of its national unified process，Especially strong local identity and religious identity，Make the Italians have not affected by national consciousness for a long time，But starting from real interests，Flexible bet365 live casino games use of various strategies to achieve religious and business purposes，thus becoming the pioneer and main force of the Chinese and Western civilization exchanges in the 13th and 16th centuries。

(Author Unit: Institute of World History of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences)