General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out，"In the history of the development of long -term civilization for more than 5,000 years，The Chinese people have created a dazzling Chinese civilization，Has made a major contribution to the progress of human civilization。Study the research of the origin of Chinese civilization with the characteristics of Chinese civilization characteristics and forms is closely integrated，In -depth research and interpretation of the development of the Chinese nation's community development of the Chinese civilization origin and the development pattern of the Chinese nation's diversification "。Sanxingdui archeological discovery for the major academic value and practical significance of the characteristics and forms of Chinese civilization，It has an irreplaceable effect。No exaggeration to say，Sanxingdui archeology not only re -painted the "knowledge map" of the Chinese bronze era，It also reveals the many traits and forms in the process of the origin of Chinese civilization，It helps us to use the latest archaeological achievements to study the origin of Chinese civilization and the diversified evolution pattern of the Chinese nation，Add a new chapter to the history of human civilization。

　　Bet365 lotto review

Bronze era is an important development stage that human society has experienced。The emergence of the bronze smelting industry，It is generally considered to be one of the signs of human beings entering a civilized society。Compared with other ancient civilizations in the world，Chinese Bronze Age has a unique temperament and form。Specifically，One is the form and function of the utensils，Mainly with bronze rituals as its community，Followed by bronze weapons，and bronze farmers are more rare，Reflect that the literature records the "great affairs of the country in the early Chinese civilization，The distinctive feature of worshiping and Rong "。Second is the bronze resources contained in the bronze wares、Casting process、Usage and flowing elements，All reflect the national level of wealth concentration and power symbol，This is obviously different from the functional characteristics of the Western world with only bronze wares as production tools and weapons。In these two aspects，The achievements of Chinese archeology Bet365 lotto review over the past century have brought us a "knowledge map" of the Chinese bronze era。

The origin of Chinese bronze wares is the same as the ancient civilizations in the world，After a long and long development process。1973，Among the Jiangzhai Yangshao Cultural Site, Lintong, Shaanxi，A semi -circular residual copper piece was unearthed，The unearthed environment is a semi -hole -type house site，The carbon 14 of the room site is regulated at 4700 BC，Scientific appraisal Copper composition is brass，Copper alloy with zinc。Metallurgical Archeology Certificate，The method of using the original smelting method can be obtained by the copper zinc ore，If the possibility of disruption of strata，This indicates about 7000 years ago，China already exists copper smelting skills。

The earliest bronze in China was unearthed in the type of Linjia Majiayao type site in Dongxiang, Gansu，is a copper knife cast with a fan，Carbon 14 of the unearthed floor layer is corrected as around 3000 BC，Discover more for the early bronze wares of this age。From this，Archaeological community has discussed whether China has a transitional stage from the late Neolithic era to the bronze era- "Copper Stone and Times"。

but，From the Erlitou period to the Erligang stage，Bronze wares represented by the Central Plains region have shown many uniform features，represented by Fanzhu technology，The unearthed device is common、鬲、簋、觚、Jue、Pot and other bronze containers and various weapons，Basic instruments and types of the Chinese Bronze Age during the Erlitang period have been initially set，and can already make large bronze wares，Began to appear decoration and inscription on the bronze ware。Later，The first peak period of the Chinese Bronze Age during the Yinxu period of the Shang Dynasty。Yinxu as the capital of the late Shang Dynasty，Not only unearthed the palace、Wangling、Chema pit and Oracle，The bronzes unearthed unearthed in the tomb also have a very high level。

Yinxu bronze wares have become the representative "knowledge map" of the Chinese bronze era。First，From the perspective of the device type，Yinxu bronze wares have basically followed Erlitou、The combination of utensils since the Erligang period，Ding in the bronze container、簋、甗、鬲 鬲 鬲，There are some weapons; from the perspective of the decoration，Yinxu bronze wares are not only popular in the body with bottom lines，The so -called "three layers of flowers" with overlapping flowers also appeared，Forms a bet365 live casino games rich and rich style，Beast Facial Pattern (also known as the so -called "餮") This may come from Dawenkou, the Neolithic Age、The image of the ancient gods of Liangzhu Culture comes from the transformation of the deformation of the Liangzhu culture，Start becoming the main decoration on the bronze ware。From the perspective of the casting process，The combined casting process of the bronze wares of Yinxu has reached a high level，It can have been able to cast the famous "Houma Wu Dading Ding"，Weighing 875 kg，Expressing the ability to control the large number of bronze resources in the business dynasty and the superb casting process。

Obviously，Historically, the bronze casting industry of Xia Shang on Wednesday has developed into the Yinxu era，Industry has established the basic face of the Bronze Age of China。Yinxu bronze wares are among bronze civilizations from all over the world，also represents the highest level of the Oriental civilization system at that time。What is more noteworthy is，With the expansion of the four parties of the Shang Dynasty forces，This bronze culture characterized by bronze rituals is also developed to Sifang。Except the Central Plains region，The Copper Crimson，It is the northernmost place of the bronze wares of the Shang Dynasty; the Shang culture directly enters the Shandong Peninsula to the east;、Hanzhong City Gu and other places; Hunan, southeast and southern and southern and southern.、Hubei、Anhui、Jiangsu、Jiangxi、Zhejiang and other vast areas。

From the perspective of shape，Although the bet365 Play online games Bronze wares unearthed from various places in this issue have begun to appear many local characteristics，For example, Ningxiang, Hunan、Bronze wares unearthed from yellow materials and other places use various animal patterns as decoration，Bronze container that even appears in animal shapes，All with a strong cultural characteristics of Nangu，But the basic device species of these bronze wares、style and decoration，All sources with the bronze wares of Yinxu in the Central Plains，It did not fundamentally break through the "knowledge map" of the Shang Dynasty bronze ware。

　Sanxingdui ArcheologyEnrich the Chinese Bronze Age System

Sanxingdui site in Guanghan Guanghan, Sichuan Province, found two "sacrifice pit" in 1986 (some scholars are called "utensil pit")，In recent years, six sacrifice pits have been found in the same place in recent years。These eight -pit bronze wares not only bring a huge visual impact，It also rewritten the appearance of the Chinese bronze era。

bet365 Play online games Bronze wares unearthed from Sanxingdui can be generally used for two points: one can be regarded as an extension of the Central Plains Cultural Bronze to the Yangtze River，Ru Zun、罍、Plate and other bronze containers，Not only the type of device type is basically similar to the similar device types in the Central Plains Yin Shang period，Cow appearing on the shoulders、Tiger、Dragon -shaped Decoration，It is closer to the practice of the Shang Dynasty bronze in Hunan region。Zun、罍 罍、Haibei phenomenon，I have also discovered many times in Hunan。For this，Li Xueqin once proposed an idea of ​​spreading routes: "Promoting the business culture centered on the Central Plains as the center，Jinghuai to Jiang，Cross Dongting Lake，Putting into Shu Di in the river at the same time。This is likely to be a main way to business culture leads to the Chengdu Plain。"" (Li Xueqin: "Going out of the Doubt of the Ancient Times"，Liaoning University Press 1997 edition，Page 231)

Another type of utensils unearthed from Sanxingdui，It is a unique creation of Shu Di，It mainly includes tall bronze idols、Strange bronze masks and avatars、All kinds of god animals like birds、Dragon、Tiger、Snake、image with winged beasts，and bronze god trees、Bronze Altar, etc. with a strong sacrifice background，Coupled with golden mask made of gold、Gold Staff, etc.，Together, a group of utensils that have never appeared in the past of Chinese bronze。

New archeological discoveries of Sanxingdui shocked the whole world，It also greatly challenges people's cognitive ability。Various new instruments and categories of Samsung Dou，"Common Sense" of Yin Shang Bronze Culture that people had in the past、The "knowledge map" of the old bronze era in China，It is indeed unable to explain it successfully，So there are all kinds of assumptions and conjectures。If we exclude those irrational thinking that treats Sanxingdui civilization as "outsiders outside the sky"，Instead, it is placed in the rich connotation and grand system of ancient Chinese civilization and the grand system，can be found，These "new things" of Sanxingdui are the unique creation of the ancient Shu people。Ancient Shu ancestors based on the mother of Chinese civilization，Using extremely romantic and exaggerated art forms，Ancient Shu ancestors based on the mother of Chinese civilization，Added rich content to the Bronze Age of China，It also made a unique contribution to Chinese civilization and world civilization。

Bet365 lotto review The most mysterious and shocking part of Sanxingdui bronze cultural utensils，In summary，can be divided into two major systems: one is to be tall bronze idols、Strange bronze masks and various head shapes、"Bronze God System" composed of bronze avatar，The second is the "sacrifice etiquette background" composed of various gods and animals and "altars" and "altar"。The exquisite binding formed between the two，It happens to be in ancient China、God、The epitome and reproduction of the historical scene worshiped by the ancestors。Samsung pile in the early years、After the number of pit was unearthed，The excavator once believed that these bronze avatars should be the image of the ancestors in the minds of Sanxingdui people，Zong Temple is the place where these ancestors dwellings came to live。At the same time，A large number of beast faces found in the bronze ware、Divine Animals，is the image that integrates multiple animal elves，Reflects the worship of the Shu people on the weirdness of the natural gods，The target of the sacrifice is the ancestor's undead、Various natural gods and sun gods。

The newly discovered six sacrifice pit unearthed from bronze wares，"Refresh"。For example，Many pieces of utensils called "altar" and "altar" are unearthed，Some of the "altars" appeared on many characters participating in the sacrifice scene。Their identity、levels and functions are obviously different，It is likely to reflect the mysterious sacrifice scene of Sanxingdui。Especially noticeable is，Some altars or altars have a platform with pillars，The above or below of the platform often appears a tall god beast。Bronze wares that are more similar to such utensils，In the past, an "altar" residual part was unearthed in the No. 2 sacrifice pit，Its basic characteristics are also the bottom layer is a god beast，There is a multi -layer altar on it，Sacrifice portraits of parallel juxtaposes on each altar，Wear high crown，Wearing a robe，There are stick -shaped bending utensils in my hand，Some make a posture with both hands，No utensils。This type of bronze has never appeared in the Central Plains bronze cultural system，It should be a unique creation in the bronze civilization of Sanxingdui。

So，Why these archaeological relics that had important symbolic significance and expressive tension in the ancient history inheritance system of the ancient Chinese history are not understood for the public，Even among a considerable number of scholars? Investigating it，It is still in the bet365 Play online games knowledge map of the old knowledge of the Chinese bronze era，Lack of full understanding of the rich cultural connotation that originally existed in ancient Chinese history，For these reflecting human spiritual beliefs、The archeological materials of the worship of the gods and their artistic expression also lack sufficient psychological preparation。

　　Sanxingdui reflectionThe characteristics and form of the Chinese bronze era

What is the characteristics of the Chinese bronze era? Zhang Guangzhi once concluded: "The biggest feature of the Chinese bronze era，The use of bronze is inseparable from sacrifice and war。In other words，Bronze is the power of politics。"(Zhang Guangzhi:" Chinese Bronze Age "，Sanlian Bookstore 1999 edition，Page 22) Bronze and its copper mine resources for ancient China，It is very different from the Bronze Age of the West。According to Zhang Guangzhi's point of view，For the Xia Shang civilization of China on Wednesday,，Bronze wares are by no means a luxury or embellishment in the court，but the necessary means of political power struggle，Who mastered the bronze ware，Whoever controls the world。

In terms of the specific use of bronze wares，Sacrifice and war are the "great affairs of the country"，Determine the fundamental destiny of the rulers。For sacrifice,，Zhang Guangzhi thinks，Divide the world into levels of heaven and earth human gods and other levels，This is an important ingredient for ancient Chinese civilization，Many rituals in ancient China、Religious thoughts and behaviors are to communicate between different levels of this world -he calls it "features of Shamanistic"。The person who dominates these sacrifice activities is called "Witch"，Their main position is to communicate with the gods and gods。So，How can we achieve this goal? The tools and means of Wushu used for God are based on the records of ancient documents，There are Shenshan，Enter the god realm through the high mountain，As contained in the Shan Hai Jing，"Kunlun Hill，Is the capital of the emperor "。Flying Bird，Tall trees as a tool for climbing the sky，such as "Shan Hai Jing" and "Huainanzi" and other documents recorded "Jianmu", "Fuki", "Fu Sang", "Ruomu" and other literature。Inhability on the tree and Shenshan、Flying Bird，It can also be regarded as an extension of the witch to the stairs of the sky。Other god animals can also play the role of communicating and building a bridge between humans and gods，Especially the dragon、Tiger、Beast Face Pattern (饕), etc.，It often appears on the bronze bet365 best casino games wares during the Shang and Zhou dynasties。

If it is said in the bet365 Play online games knowledge map of the old Chinese bronze era，Yin Shang bronze ware mainly reflects the characteristics of the Chinese bronze era for sacrifice container category，So，Sanxingdui is more quaint、The more primitive and more intuitive form reflects this trait。Shenshan recorded in the above -mentioned ancient history inheritance system、Shenshu、Godbird and other god animals can not only be displayed in the unearthed utensils of Sanxingdui，The most rare thing is，Many processes and details in the sacrifice process of ancient times，Documents have long been loaded，But among the eight sacrifice pit discovered from Sanxingdui，Through scientific archeological excavation work，From relic phenomena to unearthed utensils，Systematically provides a lot of valuable historical clues。

(The author is the director of the focus of the Chinese nation community conscious research base of the four ministries and commissions of Sichuan University、Chief of Museum of Sichuan University、Outstanding Professor of Sichuan University、A specially appointed professor of the "Yangtze River Scholars Award Plan" of the Ministry of Education)