Disaster treatment is a national event，Dong Zhongshu of the Han Dynasty proposed "the foundation of all disasters，Born in the loss of the country "。To ensure the survival and social development of the people，For thousands of years, the Chinese nation has continued to fight against various natural disasters，I have accumulated rich experience in disaster reduction and prevention and prevention。Qin and Han Dynasties，The systemic construction of disaster knowledge was initially completed，Forms a form of historical disaster writing with Chinese characteristics，and continue inheritance for two thousand years。until today，historical disaster writing and its literature system still have important academic value and practical significance for the study of disaster history。

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Disaster reduction is a systematic project，Disaster reduction ability is also a social politics、Economy、Technology、Comprehensive embodiment of cultural development level。Mr. Deng Tuo pointed out in "The History of Chinese Salvation": "From the degree of the development of the wasteland, the ability to control the natural control of nature，It can be used as a sign of the degree of progress of human culture。"(Beijing Publishing House 1998 edition，Page 6) The historical research of disaster reduction technology can understand ancient society from a new perspective，You can also use the level of disaster reduction technology to determine the ability of disaster governance of the past to。

my country is an ancient civilization based on farmers，Disaster reduction technology mainly develops around agricultural production。Different in the field of disaster reduction technology，Can divide disaster reduction technology as agricultural disaster reduction technology、Engineering disaster reduction technology and biological disaster reduction technology。Agricultural disaster reduction technology mainly includes soil farming technology and land use、Field Management and Harvest Storage Technology、The recovery of the farming system and the recovery of the ground force, and the selection of disaster anti -crop、Introduction and promotion, etc.。Engineering disaster reduction technology is water conservancy engineering technology，It mainly includes defending the sea project and the river management project。Due to the unique geographical environment，my country's agricultural production is extremely dependent on water resources，Drought disaster during the historical period is also extremely serious，Strengthening the construction of water conservancy projects can effectively prevent water and drought disasters。The locust accident is also one of the more serious disasters，Bio -disaster reduction technology is mainly for the response measures for diseases and insect pests such as locusts。Xu Guangqi pointed out in the "The Book of Agricultural Political Political" pointed out that the locust accident is no less than that of water and drought disaster，Bet365 app download It also analyzes the differences between locusts and water and drought disasters。The local area of ​​the locust accident has a large area of ​​disaster、The characteristics of convenient prevention and control and extensive participation。So，Biological disaster reduction measures are essential。

With the development of disaster reduction technical measures，The effectiveness of science and technology disaster reduction is increasingly significant，National governance capabilities for natural disasters have also improved。From the development process of Chinese disaster history，The higher the degree of social development，The more sensitive to the disaster，The number of records of disaster incidents will also increase。From the vertical process of historical development，Spring and Autumn and Warring States Periods to the Sui and Tang dynasties became the first growth stage of historical disaster。During this period, the disaster incidents are frequent，But the growth rate is relatively slow。In the Song Dynasty, the frequency of the disaster in my country was a dividing point with a small number of disasters，The frequency of disaster incidents in the Ming and Qing dynasties soared again，reached the peak of the history of the past thousands of years of disaster。The phased growth of the frequency of historical disasters is with the population of the population in the historical period、There is a close relationship with the development of economy and science and technology，Every population growth in Chinese history、The critical period of economic development and scientific and technological progress，Aversion to natural disasters and the sharp spread of the famine。This phenomenon does not show that social development has caused more natural disasters，On the contrary, it is a manifestation of the level of social productivity that failed to effectively overcome the bottlenecks of the science and technology of the disaster。When scientific and technological progress has increased agricultural production and sufficient to support more people，A new stage of frequent frequent natural disasters will also come with。Under this situation，Only break through the existing disaster technology bottleneck，can we usher in the major development of socio -economic。

So，By sorting out the evolution of science and technology disaster reduction in the historical period，Discuss the "technological bottleneck" problem in the history of Chinese disaster reduction，Basic paradigm can be established in the study of the history of disaster reduction scientific and technological history，can also reduce the disaster reduction effect of special technology、3223_3248，This is of great significance for deepening the study of disaster history。

　　The systemic development of historical disaster writing

Regarding the evolution of the inheritance of the disaster literature and its development process，There are many studies in the academic community and have clearly clarified many difficult problems，But special expositions in the characteristics of the literature types of disasters still need to be further deepened。Bet365 app download Historical disasters data are mainly distributed in the history of "Five Elements"、Local Zhi、Ancient Nongshu、File、Newspapers and other documents。Record features based on disaster -based literature、Document Corporation Tetrix Evolution Features，Basically can be divided into four systems，That is the disaster incident of "Five Elements"、System Construction of the Book of the Wilderness、The disaster reduction technology and the cause of the disaster theory of the ancient agricultural book，They together constitute the literature system of historical disasters。

Documents of Chinese History Disaster Documents Documents Source Yuanliu long，There are a lot of disasters in Yin Shang Oracle、Rain、Prayer Rain、Hu、No rain、Drought、locusts, etc.，Dong Zhongshu in the Western Han Dynasty summarized the concept of disaster in the past，The theory of recognition of "Disaster Disaster Disadvantages" was proposed，Constructing the corresponding disaster knowledge system，that is, the systemic development of the five elements disaster。The disaster literature of the Five Elements Disaster System refers to the chapter that specifically records the disaster incidents in the History Department，Origin in the Han Dynasty Ban Gu "Han Shu · Five Elements"，According to the disaster、Disaster area、Disaster Three Elements Writing Disaster Incidents，and the interactive mode of disasters and society with the five elements。But starting from Ouyang Xiu's "New Tang Book · Five Elements" began to get rid of the mode of explaining disaster by personnel，"With its disaster，Cutting the matter "，Become a disaster -stricken compilation，so that the "Five Elements" in "The History of the Qing Dynasty" was directly changed to "Disaster"。

Traditional disaster reduction technology has developed due to the continuous progress of disaster knowledge，Forms a unique disaster writing system。This type of disaster writing is generally seen in the sub -parts of the four literatures，Like the ancient agricultural book、Water conservancy book、astronomical geography、Books under the book category of meteorological physics，Among them, the disaster writing method is different from the general format of the five elements.，Most of the signs of disaster、Disaster Features、Disaster reduction measures and disaster reduction results as the main content，As for the common disaster events and its process, it occasionally involves。Disaster reduction technology is a way to respond to disaster response，Its guiding ideology is the natural theory of disaster。During the Warring States Period, Xunzi thought: "Tianxing has normal，No for Yao，Not for death。"Eastern Han Dynasty Wang Chong also criticized the disaster condemnation，Think "Fu Tian Dao，Natural also，Nothing。If the condemner，Is there a thing，Non -natural "。Four years of Kaiyuan of the Tang Dynasty (716)，"Shandong Locust，People sacrifice and worship，Sitting and eating seedlings dare not catch "，Yao Chongli mainly removes locust reliefs，Tang Xuanzong bet365 Play online games promulgated locust capture，Think "this year's locust violence，Is the Shengsheng "，Direct impact on the concept of disaster disaster。The understanding of nature during the Ming and Qing Dynasties gradually became scientific and rational，It can already propose some scientific and reasonable explanations of the cause of the disaster。The Emperor Shunzhi of the Qing Dynasty once said: "The place where the Southeast Fortune Fu，Knowing Wo Ge。In recent years, water and drought are disasters，Minsheng Sleepless，All due to water conservancy disorders，To the error agricultural worker。"The National Gate opened after the Opium War，Western scientific thought is gradually introduced to China，Biological evolution theory opposite to "Divine Creation Theory"、Theory and other theories such as survival of the fittest are gradually accepted and promoted by people of insight。This has caused a huge impact on the traditional "disaster condemnation theory"，"Disaster Disaster View" gradually disintegrate，"Disaster Disaster View" gradually disintegrate。

Disaster Literature of the Disaster Specification Technical System mainly includes rivers prevention and treatment of water literature and agricultural theory in ancient agricultural books、Agricultural Meteorological、Occupation、farming、Farmland Water Conservancy、Agricultural tools、Datian crops、Pest control and vegetable literature。The disaster literature of the system also focuses on the record of the social effects of the disaster，It is mainly content related to disaster reduction and rescue technology，The agricultural philosophy thought in the pre -Qin period "Xia Xiaoyang", "Book of Rites" and "Lu's Spring and Autumn"。Since the Qin and Han dynasties have been continuously accumulated，Agricultural disaster reduction technology has made significant progress。Ming and Qing Dynasties，Disaster reduction technology has a major breakthrough in form，It is manifested in removing locusts、A large number of disaster reduction books in the water prevention and treatment of water reduction。

Government response to natural disasters is also an important part of disaster writing，Another literature system that constitutes a disaster writing based on the anticulation book based on waste administrative measures。Natural disasters are often social politics、Economy、Culture has a very serious impact，As Deng Tuo pointed out，"Farmers riots that have occurred in history，Regardless of its range，or time of time，Nothing rather than being promoted by the disaster，Nothing is based on the background of the wasteland，This then has become a case of history "。"Zhou Li · Di Guan · Datu" already has a comparative system of disaster relief thoughts，A comprehensive summary of the commonly used government disaster relief and rescue activities in ancient times。"There are two gathers in the ten gathers in the deserted administration: one is Sanli，Two said that Bo Zheng，Three said probation，Four Yue Qi，Eight said to kill and sorrow，Eight said to kill and sorrow，Seven Yue Rites，Eight said to kill and sorrow，Jiu Yue Fan Le，Ten Yue Bet365 app download Multi -faint，Ten one is a ropper ghost god，Ten Ten Say Thieves。"Among them，Preparation、蠲、Tunsu、Relief、Charity、Strict law, etc. are common governance measures，Prepare waste、Disaster relief、Charity、Social security and other measures are both a useful supplement to traditional wasteland，It is also an important part of the government and the people's unity and cooperation for disaster governance，The deserted administration system that constitutes a disaster writing。The disaster literature of the rescue book system contains the wasteland、Warehousing、Charity、Four types of wild vegetables。The disaster literature of the system focuses on the record of the social effects of the disaster，The content is generally related to disaster relief activities。Its Savior Saves Thought inherits "Zhou Li" "Twelve Wild Politicals"，The compilation method is generally determined to be in the Song of the Song Dynasty "Save the Wilderness Living Book"。The editor of the book is used as a node，There are few rescue books before，Later, especially the Ming and Qing Dynasties，The book saving book develops with the situation of the rain.。

The so -called "disaster theory"，refers to the 诏 诏 诏 诏 诏 诏 诏、System、敕、诰、Volume (strategy)、Books and other holy，and the chapters of the comprehensive discussion of the Economic and Economic State of the State of the State、Table Shu、Zhazi (Fold)、Sealing、Bullet、Countermeasures and other books，There are also runes promulgated by the government for disaster rescue and rescue.、Post、檄、Counc、present、禀、Shen、-like、Guan Yan and other official documents，Another prayer in response to disaster、Goldstone Monument "、Travel Notes、Poetry, songs, fuu, etc. can also be included in it。These disaster literatures are scattered in the Ministry of History's Political Letter、Discussion on Order、Fang Zhiyi、File dossier and the compilation of the collection，The number of stories is extremely high。In the first historical archives of China, only tens of thousands of "disaster files" in the Qing Dynasty were as many as tens of thousands of memorials，"Edited by the Ming and Qing Dynasties", "All the Three Generations of the Three Dynasties of the Three Kingdoms of the Qin and Han Dynasties", "The Tang Dynasty", "The Songwen" and "Quan Yuan Wen" also thousands of literatures also thousands of.。Poems of the literati Yashi caused by disaster、Fu、Ballad、Chronicle、Discussion、Preface (postscript)、Sacrifice, etc.，Involved in preparing waste、Disaster relief and post -disaster social governance and other aspects，It is an important document resource in the history of disaster history to be further tapped and utilized。

　　Historical heritage of disaster reduction and rescue thought

Disaster ideology and culture is an integral part of disaster reduction。my country's disaster ideology and culture sources long flow，Ten days in the ancient mythology and legends、Jingwei reclamation、Dayu Treatment，is the spiritual connotation of the ancient ancestors and disasters.。In the historical process of actively dealing with bet365 best casino games natural disasters，Because of being subject to the view of destiny，Pursuing Destiny Disaster、Five Elements Disaster Disaster、Disaster and other condemnation and other mysterious disaster concepts，Disaster culture is also manifested as various disaster prayers and sacrifice rituals，To achieve a disaster、Disaster Purpose。But behind the appearance of the disaster，It is a naval formation、The spiritual power of the Zhongzhi Chengcheng。Disaster culture can reflect the national governance capabilities of ancient society，It is a cultural soft power for disaster reduction in great powers，It is a special cultural phenomenon bred from the governance capabilities of traditional society and national governance。

In traditional disaster ideas, the obvious national identity concept is reflected。In ancient my country, the occurrence of disasters was often associated with national affairs，It is regarded as an artificial cause that occurs in natural disasters。Whether it is the pre -Qin period, the view of the disaster is quite different，Still the disaster condemnation after the Qin and Han dynasties、The concept of disaster disaster in the five elements，Among them, the main body of the disaster is a king of the country，The target of repairing Demi Disaster is also a state power that govern the world。

Due to the continuous development of disaster reduction due to great powers，Traditional disaster thoughts have also changed accordingly，State identity concepts in disaster culture have always dominated and played a positive role。Pre -Qin Thinker Xunzi is more concerned about disaster issues，He believes that "there is a constant in Tianxing，No for Yao，Not for death "(" Xunzi · Heaven ")。but，If the national disaster resistance measures should be proper，"It should be ruled by the rule，Should be chaotic and fierce "," Follow the Tao but not，If the sky cannot be missed "(" Xunzi · Tian Lun ")，It is a ten -year water disaster in the old Yu，Soup has seven years of drought，and the country does not have famine，"Yes, there is no one for it，Zhi Ben's end of the source flow also "(" Xunzi · Rich Country ")。So，He advocates "repairing the embankment beam，Tonggou，Wait water，Anshui，Time Duel "(" Xunzi · King ")。And these anti -disaster rescue measures need to use the national level of operational decisions，can be effectively implemented and achieved disaster reduction effect。Guanzi believes "ominous ominous，There are water and drought;，There is hunger "(" Pipelisa · Wufu ")。He strongly advocates good as a state government，Must divide five harm，Actively implement the "decision water，Tonggou Desert，Repairing of obstacles，Anshui Tibetan "(" Pipe · Political Political ")、"Prepare hunger，Disaster relief; exhaustion，If the State Ding "(" Pipeline · Wufu ") and other disaster relief measures。Its core idea is the importance of promoting the recognition of Chinese family recognition，and the necessity of reducing disaster prevention and prevention in national governance。

For the national tendency Bet365 app download in the thought of the disaster，Research in the field of disaster history has clear understanding and accurate judgment，Disaster Disaster Fast is only the appearance，National governance of disaster prevention and prevention is the inherent essence of disaster thought。In ancient disaster thoughts, there were both passive disaster disasters during the Qin and Han dynasties，There are also thoughts for preparation of disaster reduction in the Middle Ages and the idea of ​​harmonizing with nature since the late Qing Dynasty。During the evolution of disaster thoughts，The ingredients of the disaster in traditional disaster understanding gradually weakened，The national governance content that actively responds to the disaster increases all day。

Since the 1960s，Cultural dimensions in disaster and disaster prevention and disaster prevention and mitigation are gradually attracted by disaster research and disaster reduction practitioners。Repeated attacks of historical disasters，Makes each individual's life extremely fragile，Only unity and consistency，State action to form a disaster，Only to obtain the ideal disaster reduction effect。Disaster culture is the process of human beings in the symbiotic process of natural disasters，Summarize the collective wisdom that is passed down from generation to generation、Summary of traditional knowledge and experience，The national identity tendency in the disaster culture is becoming increasingly obvious。

(This article is the State Social Science Foundation Project "Historical Disaster Writing and its Literature System Research" (18BZS154) phased achievement)

(The author is a professor at the Institute of History, Environment, and Economic and Social Development of Shaanxi Normal University)