Materials are the basis for survival and development of human society。Human beings in order to obtain and prepare food and tools、Prepare clothes and residences，I learned to use natural materials，Perform processing on this basis、Transformation and modification，Created many new materials。Material is a milestone for the progress of human civilization，Pre -historical period can be divided into stone eras in the materials、Bronze Age and Iron Age。The development of the era requires materials，The material promotes the development of the times。So，Materials are regarded as one of the pillars of human civilization。

　Bet365 app download  

The source of Chinese civilization is far away，It is the only in the world that has continued to this day、Civilization that has never been interrupted，This is closely related to the invention and creation of the Chinese ancestors in the field of materials。

Twenty years ago, the 10,000 -year -old Fairy Cave Pottery residual tablets，is the earliest artificial material made in the world using fire。Hongshan Culture、The exquisite jade of Liangzhu culture，Promoting the progress of Chinese civilization from primitive society to ritual civilization。Color pottery of Yangshao Culture，It is an important utensil created by the Chinese ancestors。Longshan Cultural Period，Ceramics technology has reached a higher level，Black pottery with thin egg shells appears，Some places even use kaolin -made pottery。With the continuous progress of the technology of kiln -building technology，Burning temperature steadily increased，In the Eastern Han Dynasty, there was a porcelain with kaolin as a raw material.。The invention of porcelain has greatly improved dietary hygiene conditions，Extended people's life。Tang and Song dynasties to the Ming and Qing Dynasties，The development of Chinese porcelain gradually moves to prosperity，Create a colorful porcelain culture，Porcelain becomes an important product for China to communicate with out -of -domain exchanges。

until late in the Warring States Period，China has already appeared in China，and developed the technology of burning the atmosphere before using the oxidation atmosphere and then using the reducing atmosphere to make blue bricks。This technology increases the water resistance of the brick，Added the density of the brick，Improving the heat transfer of the brick、heat resistance and abrasion resistance，It is a major progress of brick -making technology。As early as 5000 years ago，China has appeared in a half -hole residential building with wooden rack supporting roof，In the bet365 Play online games future, it has gradually formed a bucket and beam -type building with Chinese characteristics。The prevalence of wooden architecture form，Not only reflects the tradition of "Taoism Nature" of Chinese civilization，also shows the idea of ​​"unity of heaven and man"。

Bronze knife of Majiayao culture 5000 years ago，is the earliest tin bronze product in China。Bronze Fan casting technology in the Shang and Zhou Dynasties，A close relationship with a developed etiquette society，The brilliant bronze civilization was cast。to 6th century BC，China has invented raw iron smelting technology，Basic use of cast iron agricultural tools，improved the efficiency and scale of farming production，It promoted the establishment of the Qin and Han Empire。Subsequent，Invention of fried steel and irrigation steel technology，Forms a unique living iron steel technology system，The level of weapon production is greatly improved，China finally becomes a rich country and strong soldiers。Metal currency that began to circulate during the Warring States Period，Promoting the development of stack casting and sand casting technology，Stabilized the operation of ancient socio -economic。Chinese metal casting process prevails，reflects the five -element concept of "Golden Water" in traditional culture and the technical idea of ​​"harmony"。

Discovery of silk fabrics during the Yangshao Cultural period more than 5000 years ago，Prove that China is the earliest country in the world to invent silk weaving。Flower silk fabrics in the Shang Dynasty，Developed silk during the Warring States Period、Qi、Jin and other fabrics，and apply natural dyes to develop colorful weaving technology。Ancient Chinese Labor People invented and produced large -scale silk products，Open the first large -scale business exchange of East and West in the world history of the Silk Road。Neolithic Age，China has already appeared in China，Xia Dai's wooden paintware is not only used for daily life，Also used for sacrifice。Paint adhesive、Silk Mahamo -enhanced composite material，Its design thought is similar to modern。

"Four Great Inventions" not only has a profound impact on China，Also contributed to the world huge。Paper -making is a model for human use of natural modified materials，It plays a significant role in the development of human cultural undertakings。The compass is an example of using natural magnetic materials，greatly expand human activities and living space。The invention of capable materials such as gunpowder，greatly affects the process of world history。Printing has gone through woodcarving、Mud live characters、During the use phase of various materials for metal characters，Improving the efficiency of cultural communication，Promoting the development of human civilization。

　Materials archeological technology continues to improve 

bet365 live casino games Material archeology is archeological survey and excavation around ancient materials and its production relics，Use natural science methods and technical means，Research revealed the process process of material production、Product features、Product features、Archaeological branch disciplines in the scope of circulation，Is a cognitive ancient society、Explore the law of civilization development、An important way to understand the exchange and mutual learning of civilization，It is also an important foundation for the protection and utilization of related cultural heritage。

Since the 20th century，As modern scientific methods are used for archeological materials analysis，New research results are constantly emerging，greatly promoted the understanding of the academic circles for the process of using the materials of ancient humans。MIT science scientist Cyril Stanley Smith proposed，To determine the preparation of ancient humans in materials、Use the technical selection in the process of trade circulation as the core，Examine the interactive relationship of culture -technology -environment，Then study the development law of ancient human society，Is an important paradigm for material archeological research。Current，The three major research themes in the international academic world include: new technology development of ancient materials and production relics; the interpretation of ancient material production technology based on the principles of reverse engineering; Geological Source，Interpretation of ancient human trade activities with long -distance communication interaction。

Crafts that are completely extracted in cultural relics、Source and other multiple information，Need to use cross -means in many fields，Alert and cognition at different standards。The characteristics of ancient materials mainly have composition analysis，Ru scanning electron microscopy can spectrum analysis method、X -ray fluorescent spectrum、Electronic probe analysis、Duke coupling plasma mass spectrum, etc.。other，Analysis of micro -structure，Such as a microscope of optical funds、Polarized microscope、transmitted electron microscope、X -ray diffraction、Raman spectrum、Analysis of infrared spectrum。Due to the particularity of cultural relics，Its research samples are often small in size、Complicated composition，A large number of standardized modern material representation methods are difficult to directly applied to cultural relic analysis。In recent years，Domestic scientific research institutions are committed to developing new types of analysis technologies suitable for ancient Chinese materials analysis needs。The China Silk Museum has developed the trace of the enzyme -based immune technology of the silk residue appraisal Bet365 lotto review technology，The earliest silk textiles in Henan's Yangshao Cultural Sites have been found in the cultural site of Henan。Beijing University of Science and Technology and the US Getty Museum and other institutions，Cooperative development of thermal cracking qi color spectrum analysis method for ancient lacquerware molecular characteristics identification。

Use scientific dissemination of credit to reverse rebuilding ancient materials preparation technology，and in history、The inner motivation behind the differences between the development path between different civilizations in society and environmental context，is one of the core issues of material archeological research。Beijing University of Science and Technology、Scholars of Peking University and other scholars have carried out surveys in many regional ancient metal production relics，Preliminary establishment of metal cultural relic ingredients、Method path for the proportion of micro -tissue to stable isotope to establish ancient metal production technology，The relationship between the origin of metal and human civilization and the complexity process。The Institute of Siliconate, Shanghai Academy of Sciences、The Palace Museum、Scholars from Peking University and others revealed that the ancients in my country began to use pottery 20,000 years ago，Building ancient Chinese primitive porcelain、celadon、White Porcelain、The technical development of blue and white porcelain，shows the contribution of the important cultural business card of ancient China, the ancient China.。University of Science and Technology of China、China Silk Museum、Beijing University of Science and Technology, etc.、Research field in the cultural relics of silk and lacquerware，A number of advanced representation techniques for innovatively applied，Making raw materials and technology in ancient handicraft paper、Silk textile and printing and dyeing technology、Lacheware raw materials formula and 髹 have achieved many important breakthroughs。

Study its circulation process through the geomyochemical characteristics of materials，For resource control and distribution in the process of studying the origin and development of civilization、Mutual learning and integration between civilization is important。University of Science and Technology of China、Scholars from Peking University and Beijing University of Science and Technology through study of the Copper during the Shang and Zhou dynasties、tin、The circulation of lead，Established central control、Complex metal circulation and distribution networks participating in many areas，revealed the power structure built by the early state through the trade and allocation of metal resources。

　Show Chinese culture through material genes 

The concept of material gene is born from human gene。Materials scientifically developed to a certain degree，material engineering has achieved highly organized，The material itself contains Bet365 lotto review some "genetic genes"，It allows people to quickly understand the element ingredients and processing processes it contains when they need to manufacture。2011，The United States begins to implement the material genome plan，Later, China also launched a number of material gene engineering plans。Material gene engineering has changed the intuition and trial and error research and development mode relied on the development of new materials in the past，Parameters of the structure and performance of the material structure and performance through the high -throughput experiment technology and the theoretical calculation means，and store the obtained material performance data in the database，Data mining and other technologies obtain the material mapping relationship of "composition -structural -performance -preparation"，Accelerated Materials R & D Skinth。

Ancient material genetic research is based on big data technology mining ancient materials "ingredients -structure — performance - preparation" relationship，It is an important supplement to the genetic engineering of modern material，It can also reveal the technical genes and cultural genes of ancient people in the process of making materials。Records the "Examination Works" of the pre -Qin period, "Six Qi" said，Explain that the ancients have understood the composition and functional relationship of metal materials，Preliminary material design。Take bronze wares as an example，Its material genes include two parts: technical genes and cultural genes，Technical genes can be subdivided into composition (copper tin ratio、Leading amount、Lead isotope ratio, etc.)、Structure (mixed object、Sliding Line、Lead particles, etc.)、Crafts (copper sulfur ratio、sulfur oxygen ratio、Cushion、core support, etc.)，Cultural genes can be from styling art (Tao Fan、Shi Fan、Lost wax method, etc.)、Pattern Art (饕、螭 螭、4482_4492。The material genes of the different bronze wares of Shang and Zhou Dynasties are Tao Fan cast、Lead content、decoration technology, etc.。If it is arranged according to the production process，The technical gene map of bronze wares is similar to DNA dual spiral structure，It has a selection on its distribution、Smosh、Formed、Connection and surface technology areas，Contains several gene fragments in each area。Each piece of bronze has its unique material gene，Many genome combinations form the brilliant bronze culture of Chinese civilization。

Establish an ancient material specimen library and database，It is an important way to achieve the research of ancient material genes。On the one hand，Select the archeological background clear、Cultural relics with technical representative cultural relics establish an ancient material specimen library，and through the information Bet365 app download management system to realize different places storage、On the other hand。On the other hand，Database structure design and application system development，Enter the multi -information input of material archeology，Storage through cloud、Backup，Establish a diversified information database，Forms a diversified information storage and shared service platform for cultural relics，Become part of the National Cultural Relics and Technology Resources Platform。Based on the archeological research of ancient Chinese materials，Establish an ancient material extraction method system，I have initially sorted out the ingredients of ancient Chinese materials、Structure、The relationship between performance and preparation process database，Data mining can establish an ancient material "ingredient -structure — performance -preparation" relationship model。

　Explain the cultural gene of Chinese civilization 

General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out: We must pay attention to the protection and inheritance of historical and cultural protection，Protect the root of the spirit of the Chinese nation。November 26, 2020，Peking University signs a strategic cooperation agreement with the State Administration of Cultural Relics，Both parties work together to build a Chinese civilized national cultural relic gene library，It will show the historical process of Chinese civilization through real cultural relics。The overall layout of the gene library is "two libraries and four centers"。"Two Library" is the cultural relic database and cultural relic database，"Four Center" is the archeological big data center、Cultural Relics Protection Center、Science and Technology Analysis Center and Ancient Text Research Center。June 11, 2022，The world's first ancient ceramic gene library unveiled in Jingdezhen, Jiangxi，Data collection and use of specimens will be opened to share。July 23，Positioning as the national version of the general database of the national version and the Chinese cultural seed gene library is completed and completed。The National Version Pavilion According to "Continue Chinese Pulse、firm cultural self -confidence、Show the image of the big country、Positioning of Promoting Civilized Dialogue，Favorites include all kinds of resources with Chinese civilization marks in ancient and modern Chinese and foreign。

"Thirteenth Five -Year bet365 best casino games Plan" period，The National key R & D plan project led by Beijing University of Science and Technology "Moving cultural relics value mining and key technology research (inorganic category)" is based on the construction of science and technology specimens and databases，Metal has been initially completed、Ceramic、Cultural Relics and Technology specimen and databases of glass and other materials，Preparation of ancient bronze technology spectrum and porcelain technology spectrum，I took a gratifying step to the scientific research of data -driven data。"Fourteen Five -Year Plan" period，The National Science and Technology Basic Resource Survey Project led by Beijing University of Science and Technology "Comprehensive Survey of the Mineral Mineral Site of the Chinese Pre -Qin Dynasty and the Han Dynasty"，The ore and smelting database library and database will be established，Realize sharing。These have laid a solid foundation for the construction of the Chinese civilized material gene library。

Construction of the Chinese Civilization Materials Gene Library，It is a concentrated manifestation of the archeological results of domestic materials for many years，It will make full use of and integrate the national cultural relic gene library、Chinese cultural seed gene library and related cultural relics technology specimens and databases，Cooperation with domestic cultural relics archeology and technology research power，Focus on carried out ancient material gene research，Gathering into the origin of Chinese civilization、Material gene library formed and developed。This will provide a material basis for further explanation of the cultural genes of Chinese civilization，Refine the spiritual logo and cultural essence of Chinese civilization，Promoting cultural self -confidence。

　　(The author is a professor at the History and Cultural Heritage Research Institute of Beijing University of Science and Technology)