About Western C (Z) Iviliz (s) the definition and difference between the definition and difference of state or staat，Discussion in the academic world is very enthusiastic，But so far, I haven't yet recognized it。I think，The original meaning of the word should be followed、Extension of meaning and professional terms such as the meaning of the meaning of professional terms，Interpretation of these concepts and their connections and differences。

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Most Chinese and foreign vocabulary is versatile，There is a meaning、Division of extension meaning and professional terms。In Chinese，Even the same two words in the same sentence，Different positions because of their location，can also have different meanings。For example，"University of University，In Mingmingde "" Kiss，Respect ", etc.。So，Clarify the specific context of all kinds of meaning and the application of each concept，is the basis for our study of each concept。Another，During the translation of foreign languages，Foreign meaning and Chinese original meaning may not be equal to。

About C (Z) Iviliz (S) ATION's original meaning，Yi Jianping thinks，"Where in the mainstream of the cultural anthropology community in Europe and the United States，Civilization (‘civiliz (s) ATION’) is almost the synonymous word of the country (‘state’)。From the perspective of Western Western word source，Even more ... ‘government、Country、The organizational structure of the national government 'comes from' civilization '，The original meaning of 'civilization' is 'national' "。 ("From the perspective of the source of the word source," civilization and "national" "，"History Research" 2010 6) The author thinks，Yi Jianping's explanation on the original Bet365 lotto review meaning of civilization is reasonable。

"C (Z) Iviliz (s) ATION"，Except the original righteousness，There are also many extension meanings，And also appeared in the works of classic writers，Such as Dai Shengpeng's "The Concept of Civilization of Marx and Engels" ("Philosophy Research", 2012, Issue 4)。Marx Engels in different periods，There are three kinds of understanding of civilization: consider civilization, that is, cultural form (1842); think that civilization is a matter of practice，is the quality of society (1844); believes that civilization is a reflection of social productivity (1846-1858)。The term "civilization" has spread to this day，There is also "progressive、Exquisite cultural forms "and many other meanings。I think，In "Family、The Origin of Private System and the State "and other monographs，"Civilization" also has a special academic term。

The professional terms of discussion in this article，Refers to Morgen's "Ancient Society" and Engels "Family、The Origin of Private and State "(hereinafter referred to as" Two Books ")，and subsequent Marxist -Leninist classic works on the Chinese social theory in ancient social theory。The reason why this is the research object，Because we have long discussed the process of civilization in various places in the theoretical background of these works。

　　Professional term in classic works 

Civilization (C (Z) Iviliz (S) ATION) and State (State or Staat) vocabulary，Use at the same time in the "Second Book"。C (Z) iviliz (s) ATION is lying、Corresponding to brutal，Represents a proprietary name of the era，The Central Committee of the Communist Party of China、Engels、Lenin、The Stalin Works Compilation Bureau translates this word "Age of Civilization" (according to the "Selected Works of Marx and Engels" published by the People's Publishing House in 1995, "Family、2870_2885，Translated as "Age of Civilization" a total of 56 places)。Yang Dongzhang and others translated the word in Morgan's "Ancient Society" as "Civilized bet365 live casino games Society" (see Central Compilation Press 2007 edition，pp. 429，"Translation Table")，or referred to as civilization。C (Z) Iviliz (s) this explanation，This is generally the case in "Lang's Dehan Double Solution Dictionary"。Its German interpretation is two，One is "civilization": that is, technological progress in social development、The stage of social and political order and cultural life。The second is the "civilized society": society that is in a certain stage of development，There is a form of civilization。(See Ye Bendu, editor: "Lang's Dehan Double Solution Dictionary"，Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, 2000 Edition，page 2019)

In the "Second Book"，The era of civilization refers to the national era of mandatory public power，Special refers to slave society、Three social forms of feudal society and capitalist society，3031_3043。(See "Selected Works of Marx and Engels" Volume 4，People's Publishing House 2012 edition，Page 192-193) Engels quoted a paragraph of Morgen as "Family、The Origin of Private and State "conclusion，The expression is more clear。He said, "The time since the beginning of the civilization，It's just a small part of the survival time that humans have experienced，It's just a small part of the survival time that humans will go through。""，He talks about the end of the old journey，Generation of the new society，This new society is the communist society taught by classic writers。Visible，"Civilized Times" does not include primitive society，It does not include communist society，but specifically refers to class society。

The "country" in this article refers to the national concept in Marxist theory，Public power separated from the people，That is the violent machine that is class compression rule。About the nature of the country，Engels said: "We have seen，The essential characteristics of the country，is a public power separated from the people。… This kind of public power just existed as a police officer，The police are as ancient as the bet365 live casino games country，So the rustic French in the 18th century did not talk about the civilized nation, and the police nation (National Policées)。"" Policé "of French 'POLICE' (Police) means‘ civilization ’。—— Editor's Note "(" Selected Works of Marx and Engels "Volume 4，Page 132-133) "Essentials" refers to the fundamental nature that is different from other things。The essential characteristics of the country clearly stated here，Only a mandatory public power。"Organize the National Citizens" and other features，is non -essential。

I can know from this quote，This public power is compulsory，is a relationship with the police justice。I think，The origin theory of the Marxist country is different from the popular "social management country" today。The country has two functions，One is class oppression、The functions of class rule，that is, political functions; the second is to maintain the functions of the public interest of the entire society，That is public management function。Its public management functions are important functions of the country，But it is not the essence of the country，Because it cannot distinguish between the country and the non -state。

"C (Z) Iviliz (S) ATION" in "Second Book" is completely different from the meaning of "civilization" in the Chinese pre -Qin literature。"Civilization" in pre -Qin ancient natives，It has the following meanings。First，Literary Literary Light。"Yi · Qian": "See the dragon in the field，World Civilization。"Kong Yingda Shu:" People in the world，Yang Qi in Tian，Starting everything，Therefore, there are articles in the world and light。"" 2，Wendehui Yao。"Book · Shun Dian": "Junzhe civilization，Wen Gong allowed。"Kong Yingda Shu:" Jingtian Weizhi said Wenwen，Zhaolin Sifang said Mingming。"" C (Z) Iviliz (s) ATION "in the two books，"Progress", "Exquisite", "Education" with other extension "progress" is also different。We cannot understand the "C (Z) Iviliz (s) ATION" in the theory of Marxist countries as a delicate bet365 Play online games form of culture。If you understand it like this，Then the communist society is also a civilized society。As mentioned above，Communist society is not a civilized society in the theory of Marxist countries。other，Can't understand it as a "progress" state，Because of "progress" lacks specific standards，And humans are constantly improving，Use from manufacturing stone to fire、Invention of Bows and Arrows，All are progress。If you understand it as progress，There is no way to talk about the origin。

　The essence of the two 

So，How to understand what Engels said, "the country is a generalization of a civilized society" (the original is: USAMMENFASSSUNG DER CIVILISIRITEN GESELLSCHAFT IST DER Staat, Der in Allen Mustergültigen Perioden Ausnahmslos Der Staat Herrschenden Klasse is)? Here is two words "CivilisirTen (Civilized) GesellSchaft (Society)"，Unused "C (Z) Iviliz (s) ATION"，and when talking about the "Civilized Era" and "Civilized Society", "CIVILISATION"。There is an English translation (zodiac translation, The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State，1884, In Hottingen-Zurich) translated the above sentence: "The Central Link in Civilized Society is the state."， It is also translated as: "The CoheSive force of Civilised Society is the state." (The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State，Published by Resistance Books, 2008, Australia. P162) (Ling: The cohesion of a civilized society is the country)。

From the above you can know，In the ancient social theory of Marxism，"C (Z) Iviliz (s) ATION" refers to "the society of the country (the state" or "the era of the country"，The country is just the central link of a civilized society，or cohesion。Use papers for example，"Civilized Society" is like a complete paper，"Country" is "Abstract"。"National" only refers to the mandatory public power machine，This "mandatory public power machine" includes the government、Police、Army、Legal system、bet365 Play online games Court、Prison and other many elements。

Someone understands "civilization" as a material culture in non -national state、Spiritual Culture，And believe that "civilization" will not appear "country" during a certain period of time。I think，This understanding will equate the meaning of "civilization" equivalent to "culture"。This understanding will equate the meaning of "civilization" equivalent to "culture"，But it is different from the "civilization" in ancient society and national theory of Marxism.，Therefore, it is not desirable。The core of "Civilized Society" is the country，It does not include a society in which the former state status。

From the perspective of archeological characteristics，We believe that the emergence of early civilization should have the following characteristics: first，The city site where Zeng lived and set up defense appeared; second，People in the leader or sacrifice appear、People Festival，This reflects the compulsory power in public affairs; third，Levels reflected in the difference between the rich and the poor，and the class reflected when it is in harmony with the city; fourth，Palace or ancestral temple building，It reflects the existence of leaders and hereditary countries。After the country is increasingly complete，There should be official system、Tax、bet365 Play online games Court、Prison and other necessary national facilities。

Some scholars today call socialist countries a new form of civilization，I think it is completely feasible，Because there is also a police officer because of socialist countries、Military machines such as the army。This is beyond the "three major periods of civilization era"，Therefore, it is called "new form"。

In short，"C (Z) Iviliz (S) ATION" and "State" in "Two Books" should not be drawn for equal number。The former refers to the entire society of the national era、The entire era and material、Cultural creation，But it does not refer to the material and spiritual culture of non -national era。"Civilization" is the simplified translation of "C (Z) Iviliz (s) ATION"bet365 best casino games ，refers to the era of social (state) or the era of the country，that is, "civilized society" or "civilized era"。"State" (country) refers to the compulsory public power machine of a civilized society，Including the government、Police、Army、Law、Prison and maintaining the taxes of these machines，is the "general" of a civilized society，The essential characteristics of "country" are compulsory public power。

　　(The author is the second -level professor of the School of History and Social Sciences of Chongqing Normal University)