About the definitions and differences between Spanish C(Z)iviliz(s)ation and bet365 ohio promo code or Staat，The academic discussion is very lively，But there is no unanimous understanding yet。The author thinks，should be based on the original meaning of the word、Extended meaning and professional terminology perspective，Interpretation of these concepts and their connections and differences。

　　The original meaning and extended bet365 ohio promo code "C(Z)iviliz(s)ation"

Most Chinese and foreign words have multiple meanings，Original bet365 ohio promo code、The difference between extended bet365 ohio promo code and professional terminology。in Chinese，Even the same two words in the same sentence，Because of its different location，can also have different meanings。For example，"The Way of University，In Ming Ming De” “Kiss”，Zunzun" etc.。Therefore，Clear the various meanings and the specific context in which each concept is applied，is the basis for our study of various concepts。Also，In the process of foreign language translation，The foreign bet365 ohio promo code is not necessarily equivalent to the original Chinese bet365 ohio promo code。

About the original meaning of the word C(Z)iviliz(s)ation，Yi Jianping thinks，"In the mainstream of European and American cultural anthropology，Civilization (‘civiliz(s)ation’) is almost a synonym for country (‘bet365 ohio promo code’)。From the perspective of Western word etymology，Even more so...'Government、Country、The organizational structure of the national government’ comes from ‘civilization’，The original meaning of ‘civilization’ is ‘country’”。 ("Looking at "Civilization" and "Country" from an Etymological Perspective"，"Historical Research" Issue 6, 2010) The author thinks，Yi Jianping’s explanation of the original meaning of civilization is reasonable。

　The word "C(Z)iviliz(s)ation"，Except for the original meaning，There are many extended meanings，And it also appears in the works of classic writers，As summarized by Dai Shengpeng's "On Marx and Engels' Concept of Civilization" ("Philosophical Research" Issue 4, 2012)。Marx and Engels in different periods，There are three understandings of civilization: that civilization is the form of culture (1842)；Believe that civilization is a matter of practice，It is the quality of bet365 ohio promo code (1844)；Considering that civilization is a reflection of social productivity (1846-1858)。The word "civilization" has been passed down to this day，There is also "progressive、Exquisite cultural form" and many other meanings。The author thinks，In "Family"、The Origin of Private Ownership and the State" and other monographs，“Civilization” also has a special academic terminology。

Definition of professional terms discussed in this article，Refers to Morgan's "Ancient bet365 ohio promo code" and Engels's "The Family、The Origin of Private Ownership and the State" (hereinafter referred to as the "Second Book")，And the subsequent Marxist-Leninist classics on the meaning of civilization in ancient social theory。The reason why this is the research object，Because we have long discussed the progress of civilization in various places under the theoretical background of these works。

　　The bet365 ohio promo code professional terms in classic works

The two words civilization (C(Z)iviliz(s)ation) and country (State or Staat)，Used simultaneously in "Two Books"。C(Z)iviliz(s)ation is and ignorance、Savage corresponding，Represents a proper name that specifically refers to an era，Marx, Central Committee of the Communist Party of China、Engels、Lenin、The Stalin Compilation and Compilation Bureau translated this word as "Civilized Era" (according to "Family" in Volume 4 of "Selected Works of Marx and Engels" published by People's Publishing House in 1995、Statistics of the article "Private Ownership and the Origin of the State"，Translated as "Civilized Age" in 56 places in total)。Yang Dongshuan and others translated this word in Morgan's "Ancient bet365 ohio promo code" as "civilized bet365 ohio promo code" (see the 2007 edition of Central Compilation and Translation Press)，Page 429，"Translation table")，Or simply called civilization。This explanation of C(Z)iviliz(s)ation，This is also roughly the case in "Lang's German-Chinese Dictionary"。It has two German meanings，One is "civilization": that is, technological progress appears in social development、Stages of social and political order and cultural life。The second is "civilized bet365 ohio promo code": that is, a bet365 ohio promo code at a certain stage of development，There is some form of civilization。(See "Lang's German-Chinese Dictionary" edited by Ye Bendu，Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press 2000 Edition，Page 2019)

In "Second Book"，The era of civilization refers specifically to the era of countries with mandatory public power，Specifically refers to slave bet365 ohio promo code、Three social forms: feudal bet365 ohio promo code and capitalist bet365 ohio promo code，That is, "the three major periods of the civilized era"。(See Volume 4 of "Selected Works of Marx and Engels"，People's Publishing House 2012 Edition，Page 192-193) Engels quoted a passage from Morgan as "The Family、Conclusion of Private Property and the Origin of the State，State it more clearly。He said: "The time that has passed since the beginning of civilization，Only a small part of the existence time that humans have experienced，Only a small part of the survival time that humans will experience。”Afterwards，He talked about the end of the old process again，The emergence of a new bet365 ohio promo code，This new bet365 ohio promo code is the communist bet365 ohio promo code mentioned by classic writers。Visible，“Civilized era” does not include primitive bet365 ohio promo code，Does not include communist bet365 ohio promo code，It refers specifically to class bet365 ohio promo code。

The “bet365 ohio promo code” in this article refers to the concept of bet365 ohio promo code in Marxist theory，Public power that is separated from the people，That is, the violent machine of class oppression and rule。About the nature of the country，Engels said: "We have seen，Essential characteristics of a country，It is public power that is separated from the people。…This public power initially existed only as a police force，The police is as old as the country，So the simple French in the 18th century did not talk about civilized nations but police nations (nations policeées)。”“The adjective ‘policé’ in French ‘police’ (police) means ‘civilized’。——Editor's Note" ("Selected Works of Marx and Engels" Volume 4，Page 132-133) "Essence" refers to the fundamental nature of a thing that distinguishes it from other things。The essential characteristics of the country clearly stated here，There is only one mandatory public power。Features such as “organizing citizens by region”，It is non-essential。

It can be seen from this quotation，This public power is mandatory，is related to police justice。The author thinks，The Marxist theory of the origin of the state is different from the popular view of "social management of the state"。The state has two functions，One is class oppression、Function of class rule，Also political function；The second is the function of safeguarding the public interests of the entire bet365 ohio promo code，i.e. public administration functions。The public management function is an important function of the state，But it is not the essence of the country，Because it cannot distinguish states from non-states。

"C(Z)iviliz(s)ation" in "The Second Book" is completely different from the meaning of "civilization" in Chinese pre-Qin literature。“Civilization” in ancient books of the Pre-Qin Dynasty，has the following meanings。First，Bright literary talent。"Yi Qian": "Seeing a dragon in the field，World Civilization。” Kong Yingdashu: “The civilized person in the world，Yang Qi is in the field，The birth of all things，Therefore, the world has articles and is bright。”Second，Wendehuiyao。"Book·Shundian": "Xunzhe Civilization，Wen Gongyunsai。"Kong Yingda Shu: "Jingtianweidiyuewen，The sun shines in all directions。"The meaning of "C(Z)iviliz(s)ation" in "The Second Book"，It is also different from other extended meanings of "progressive", "refined" and "educated"。We cannot understand “C(Z)iviliz(s)ation” in Marxist state theory as the refined form of culture。If you understand it this way，Then a communist bet365 ohio promo code is also a civilized bet365 ohio promo code。As discussed above，A communist bet365 ohio promo code is not a civilized bet365 ohio promo code in Marxist state theory。In addition，It cannot be understood as a "progress" state，Because "progress" lacks specific standards，And mankind is in constant progress，From the making of stone tools to the use of fire、The invention of the bow and arrow，Everything is progress。If you understand it as progress，There is no way to talk about the origin。

　The essential difference between the bet365 ohio promo code

Then，How to understand what Engels said: "The state is the summary of civilized bet365 ohio promo code" (original text: usammenfassung der civilisirten Gesellschaft ist der Staat, der in allen mustergültigen Perioden ausnahmslos der Staat der herrschenden Klasse ist）？The words "civilisirten (civilized) Gesellschaft (bet365 ohio promo code)" are used here，Not used "C(Z)iviliz(s)ation"，When talking about "civilized era" and "civilized bet365 ohio promo code", we use "Civilisation"。There is an English translation (Zodiac translation, The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State，1884, in Hottingen-Zurich) translates the above sentence into German as: "The central link in civilized bet365 ohio promo code is the state.”(literal translation: the central link of civilized bet365 ohio promo code is the state)， Some also translate it as: "The cohesive force of civilized bet365 ohio promo code is the state.”（The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State，Published by Resistance Books, 2008, Australia. P162) (literal translation: the cohesion of civilized bet365 ohio promo code is the country)。

It can be seen from the above，In Marxist Ancient Social Theory，The term "C(Z)iviliz(s)ation" refers to "a bet365 ohio promo code with a state" or "an era with a state"，The state is only the central link in a civilized bet365 ohio promo code，or cohesion。Use the paper as an example，“Civilized bet365 ohio promo code” is like a complete thesis，"Country" is "Abstract"。"State" only refers to the coercive public power apparatus，This "coercive public power machine" includes the government、Police、Army、Legal system、Court、Prison and many other elements。

Some people understand “civilization” as material culture in a non-state state、Spiritual Culture，And believes that “country” will not appear until “civilization” develops to a certain period。The author thinks，This understanding equates "civilization" with the meaning of "culture"。Although "civilization" also has an extended meaning of "culture"，But it is different from the "civilization" in Marxist theory of ancient bet365 ohio promo code and state，Therefore it is not advisable。The core of "civilized bet365 ohio promo code" is the state，It does not include societies with pre-state conditions。

From the perspective of archaeological characteristics，We believe that the emergence of early bet365 ohio promo code should have the following characteristics: First，The site of a city that was once inhabited and fortified appears；Second，A leader appears or someone dies in a public sacrifice、Human sacrifice，This reflects the coercive power in public affairs；Third，The level reflected by the difference between rich and poor，And the class it embodies when combined with the city；Fourth，Palace or ancestral temple-style buildings appear，It reflects the existence of chiefs and hereditary countries。After the country becomes increasingly complete，There should also be an official system、Taxation、Court、Prisons and other necessary national facilities。

Some scholars today call socialist countries a new form of civilization，The author thinks it is completely feasible，Because there are also police in socialist countries、Army and other bet365 ohio promo code apparatus。This is beyond the "three major periods of the civilized era"，So called "new form"。

In short，"C(Z)iviliz(s)ation" and "State" in the "Second Book" should not be equated。The former refers to the entire bet365 ohio promo code in the national era、The whole era and matter、Cultural Creation，But it does not refer to the material and spiritual culture of the non-state era。“Civilization” is the short translation of “C(z)iviliz(s)ation”，Refers to a bet365 ohio promo code with a state or an era with a state，Also known as "civilized bet365 ohio promo code" or "civilized era"。“State” refers to the mandatory public power machine of civilized bet365 ohio promo code，Including government、Police、Army、Law、Prisons and the taxes needed to maintain these machines，It is a "summary" of civilized bet365 ohio promo code，The essential feature of “state” is mandatory public power。

　　(The author is a second-level professor at the School of History and bet365 ohio promo code, Chongqing Normal University)