Current，In the pre -Qin history and archeology circles，Discussions on the origin of Chinese civilization are being carried out in depth。One of the most important issues，It is a sign of a sign of Chinese civilization and the country。About this question，There are many sayings in the academic community。I think，Engels's discussion about the country and civilization is still worthy of our attention。

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Wish to know，The logo of human beings enter a civilized society，is the generation of the country。Engels thinks，"The country is a generalization of a civilized society" ("Selected Works of Marx and Engels" Volume 4，People's Publishing House 1972 edition，page 172)，expressing this layer of meaning。As for the sign or formation of the country，It is the two features of the country and the old clan organization proposed in the same book。For this，Engels also has a clear expression。

Engels proposed，Specific embodiment of as the country，Compared with the past，Have two most fundamental features。First，It has become a kind of public power that is no longer in line with all the people who are armed; second，It first divides the people for the first time without depending on the relative bet365 best casino games group.。("Selection of Marx and Engels" Volume 4，Page 110) He said again，Different places of the country and the old clan organization，The first point is that it is divided by the region to divide its national，The second point is the establishment of public power。("Selection of Marx and Engels" Volume 4，Page 166-167) Visible，In Engels' discussion，"Divide its nationals by region" and "Establishment of Public Power"，It is the two signs generated or formed by the country。

The so -called "divided by region to divide its national"，It is the opposition between its residents。Due to the connection between the residents in the national society and the clan, it has been broken，Members of different clan or tribes have been mixed together for various reasons。So，The state's management of members can only be implemented according to its currently living area，This is the origin of the country's "divided by region to divide it"。

The so -called "public power"，It is also opposed to the "automatic armed organization of the residents" of the clan society，It not only includes "armed people" (that is, army)，"And there is a subsidiary of the material，Such as prison and various mandatory agencies，These things are all the "。("Selection of Marx and Engels" Volume 4，p. 167) The purpose is "used to oppose the people"， That is a small part of the ruling class Bet365 lotto review interest service。Therefore，Engels also said，"The essential characteristics of the country，is a public power separated from the people "。("Selection of Marx and Engels" Volume 4，p. 114)

"Establishment of Public Power" and "Divide the Nationals by Region"，The two are actually inseparable。"Public Power" means that power has exceeded the scope of a single clan organization，Become a different class、Compulsory powers that people with different blood relationships together，No longer the power to maintain the order and interests within each clan。New community，It is the national organization that is "divided by region to divide its nationals"。

Discuss of two signs formed by the country formed by the country，It should be a guide for our study of ancient Chinese countries。

　　Two signs are suitable for Xia Dynasty 

The earliest established country in China，It is undoubtedly the Xia Dynasty country。Xia is the first early country in my country。The region it is，According to Wang Guowei, "After the Xia Zikang，So far after，Its capital and his place names are seen in the classic，Rate in Dongtu，The wrong place with the businessman、Jijian Hundreds of years "(Wang Guowei:" Yin Zhou System Theory "，"Guantang Jilin" second volume，Zhonghua Book Company 1959 edition，Page 451-452)，It is in the area of ​​East Henan Ruxi today。This is also the area where Yuzhi flood Bet365 lotto review was located at that time。Yudu Yangcheng refers to the ancient Puyang (the name of the ancient Yang city of Puyang，See Shen Changyun: "Yu Duyang City is Puyang said"，"Research on Chinese History" 1997, No. 2)，Some people say that in the south of the beam，Southern Kaifeng ("Shimen · Jet"，"Hanshu · Geography" ministers 讃 讃 讃 讃 讃。In short，cannot be separated from the area of ​​East Henan or Northeast Henan。That year，Yao Shun and Yu tribe alliance is also in this area and some of its places in the east。

So，What are the signs of the Xia Dynasty? Can it be measured with two signs formed by the country pointed out by Engels?。

First，"Divide its nationals by region"。Scholar recognition，At that time, the world was still composed of many blood tissues called "clan".，Known as "the World Wanbang"，Xia Wang's rule is above them，The so -called Xia Dynasty。Although these blood tissues are knitted by Xia Wang into a unified community，But they are between Xia Wang and them，But it does not necessarily have the same blood relationship。They have long occupied a certain fixed area for a long time，It can only be understood as the country's subordinate administrative unit。"Shang Shu · Zi Cai" said "Wang Yue:‘ Seal，Yijue people and Juechenda，Yijue Da Wang Weibangjun '"，It shows that the king's decree is to reach the bet365 live casino games subjects they jurisdiction over through the states of various ethnic groups。This reflects the nature of the state of all ethnic groups as the princes of the kingship。In other words，The Xia Dynasty has achieved the citizen that is divided by region。

What needs to be pointed out is，The above -mentioned Xia Dynasty's various ethnic states came from different blood margins，or at least not from the same blood margin system。For different blood genealogy of ancient Chinese literature，They must not belong to the same surname family。Take the Xia Dynasty as an example，Various ethnic states of its subordinates，In addition to maintaining the surname of the same family name with Xia Wang，There is also Yu's、Kunwu, belonging to my own surname、豕、Those who belong to the surname are still family and Xue's、豢 豢。This community organization，Can only be defined with "country"。

As for the "public power" of the Xia Dynasty country，People who have read "Zuo Zhuan" are no stranger。"Zuo Zhuan" Zhaogong six years called "Xia You Ma Guan，as Yu Xing "，Xia already has a complete set of criminal law。"Zuo Zhuan" Zhaogong's fourteenth year quoted "Xia Shu" said: "Fast、Ink、Thief、Kill，The punishment of Tao Tao also。"皋 It is said to be the rational official (main punishment) under the hands of Yu，It can be seen that the Xia Dynasty also had a bet365 best casino games set of bureaucratic systems in charge of criminal law。Of course，Xia's bureaucrats will not manage the criminal law。"Zuo Zhuan" and other pre -Qin ancient books also contained many other Xia Dynasty official positions，including Liuqing ("Shang Shu · Gan Oath")、Tai Shi Ling ("Lu's Spring and Autumn · First Consciousness")、Chezheng ("Zuo Zhuan" fixed in the first year)、Husband ("Zuo Zhuan" Zhaogong seventeen years quoted "Xia Shu")、遒 遒 ("Zuo Zhuan" Xianggong fourteen years of "Xia Shu") and so on。Compared with the so -called "Xiahou Family Hundred" in "Book of Rites · Mingtang"，I believe that Xia’s bureaucratic system is still quite complete。

To sum up，Discuss of two signs formed by the country formed by Engels，It should be a guide for our study of ancient Chinese countries。According to this, it can be seen，Xia already has national characteristics，It is my country's first early country。

　　(The author is a professor at the School of History and Culture, Hebei Normal University、Former Vice President of the Chinese Pioneer History Society)