395 years，Ancient Roman Emperor Diori I divided the country to two sons before dying，The Roman Empire was formally split into the Western Roman Empire and the Eastern Roman Empire。476，The Western Roman Empire was overwhelmed by the great national migration wave。The Eastern Roman Empire continued until 1453，Only being attacked by the Ottoman Empire。Later scholars borrowed the old name of "Byzantin" by the East Roman Empire Centechin，Usually the East Roman Empire is called the Byzantine Empire。They are committed to studying the brilliant cultural achievements of the Byzantine Empire in ancient and medieval.，Communicate Europe for more than a thousand years、Politics of Asia and Africa、Economic and cultural activities have a strong interest，Finally, it has promoted an international explanation that has been prosperous for hundreds of years -Byzantine。

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Byzantine is the field of humanities science in the history and culture of the East Roman Empire，Two research areas of classical and medieval science，Involved in history、Archeology、Linguistics、Many disciplines such as religion and art。

The History of Byzantine Empire is the main content of Byzantine，Including a series of key research issues。In the political field，Scholars of various countries pay special attention to the social transformation of the early Byzantine Empire、The Emperor Byzantin's inheritance system and the reasons for the decline of the Byzantine Empire。Byzantine Empire's business is very developed，Marx has visualized Constantinople as "communicating the Golden Bridge of the East and the West"，Its hand industry and agriculture are also the objects of long -term research in Byzantine academic circles。In military aspect，Scholars around the military region system、The secret weapon "Greek Fire" and the fall of Constantinople have been carried out.。Foreign communication activities are also an indispensable content for Byzai Ting history，Byzantine Empire bet365 best casino games and Persians、Arabs、Turkish people、Germans、The diplomatic relations between Italians and Mrs. Slay attracted many scholars。As for the History of Orthodox Education，A prominent problem is the educational and destruction of the icon of Byzantin's Christianity。other，Historical figure research also occupies a place in Byzantine's history，Scholars are particularly concerned about the study of Emperor Byzantine。

An important content of Byzantine，Byzantine Culture includes many research areas。In Literature、History and Philosophy，Byzantine writers start with the language style and writing of ancient Greek writers，Continuously integrate into Christian factors and develop a variety of genres，Created a large number of excellent prose and poetry; through the history of the church、Chronicles、Dragon history and biography literature have recorded the history of Byzantine for thousands of years; combining ancient Greek philosophy with Christian teachings，I wrote a large number of theological works。Byzantine Art is the essence of Byzantine Culture，Including painting、Handmade art、Architecture、Music and dance many other fields。Byzantine inlaid paintings that have been left in the world to date、murals、Gold and silver utensils、jewelry craft、Textiles、Dental carvings, etc.，All shows the superb craftsmanship of Byzantine Craftsman。Orthodox Church is the core element that constitutes the Byzantine Cultural Circle，The vast theological works and the rigorous monastery system affects far -reaching，majestic Byzantine -style architecture、Exquisite handwriting books and churches without accompaniment chorus all show the extremely high level of Byzantin art。Last，Byzantine Empire's cultural enlightenment to neighboring countries and nations and the promotion of European Renaissance，Also belongs to the important research field of Byzantin culture。

　Development of Byzantine

Byzantine Empire as the Roman Empire's heirs，Save a large number of ancient Greek Roman manuscripts and cultural relics，attracted the cultural admirers of Europe，Finally promoted bet365 best casino games Byzantine in the international academic community。From formed to this day，Byzantine roughly experienced three development periods。

16th -17th century is a period of formation and preliminary development of Byzantine。After the rise of the Renaissance，Italy、Scholars such as France and Germany and other countries in order to collect ancient Greek Roman books and cultural relics，One after another into the major cities and monastery homes of Byzantine，The works of ancient writers and Byzantine writers are transported back to China。Initial，European scholars only attach importance to ancient works，Not interested in Byzantine's works。But due to Byzantine writers copy、Translated a large number of ancient works，and closely combine the history of the classical era with Byzantine，make European scholars have to use Byzantine's works to interpret ancient works。Gradually，Scholars realize that the classical period and Byzantine literature is not the same，Some scholars have begun to transfer interest from ancient literature to Byzantine literature。At the end of the 16th century，German scholar Heronims Wolf for the first time named Byzantin writer's work with the word "Byzantine"，Call for the academic community to pay attention to the history of Byzantine，Byzantin has formed since then。This period，Scholars of Baying Tingtin in various countries are mainly committed to collecting、Edit and Publishing Byzantine Literature，laid a solid historical foundation for later studies。

18th century is the stagnation period of Byzantine。Enlightenment Movement respects reason、Opposition to religious obscurity and feudal autocracy，Its leaders Voltaic and Montesquiexi exaggerate the negative features of Byzantine history，Type and criticize the Byzantine Empire as a feudal fortress that believes in religion。Under the influence of this public opinion atmosphere，Byzantine is almost stagnant。Only research is also full of prejudice，For example, British historian Edward Yoshimoto defined Byzantine History as "the victory of barbarians and religion"。

Enter the 19th century，Byzantin School ushered bet365 live casino games in a period of rapid development，It can be roughly divided into three stages。The first stage of the early 19th century to the beginning of the 20th century，The failure of the French Revolution has impacted the rational concept advocated by the Enlightenment，Clear the solution and prejudice of Byzantine's history，Byzantine as an independent discipline，Starting rapidly developing in Europe and deriving many research genres。This stage，Byzantine scholars on the basis of continuing to collect and sorting literature，Study on Byzantine History and Culture。The second stage is the Soviet period，Byzantine's academic circles are divided into two camps, socialist countries and capitalist countries，。This stage，History and Culture Studies beyond the traditional Chinese literature research，United States、Canada、Australia、Japan and other non -European countries began to join in the Byzantine Research Team。At the same time，Byzantine scholars actively carry out international exchanges and cooperation，International Journal、Research institutions and academic conferences have sprung up like rain，Byzantin Xue became a veritable international learning。The third stage is the disintegration of the Soviet Union to this day，Byzantine began to refine the research objects、The development of the research methods and the modernization of research methods。This stage，Byzantine scholars continue to broaden the research field and tend to choose a small and special topic，Make full use of the Internet and computers，Adopt a multi -disciplinary and interdisciplinary research method，Practicing the weak links in Byzantine's research。

　Research genre of Byzantine

In the Western European country of Byzantine，France、German and British research is the most representative。France is the pioneer of Byzantine Research，Two instructive research paths have been formed，Organize the publishing original information、Multi -field research。In the second half of the 17th century，Philip Labe presided over the publishing "Paris Byzantin History Document"，Become the original data Bet365 app download compilation of the highly respected scholars of Byzantin。Westworia Dukang is the founder of Byzantine France，He opened a language、Spectrum、Terrain and ancient coins such as many research areas，Written Greece -Latin Dictionary。Under its influence，French scholars in France are mostly involved。The German academic circles follow two research standards，Strict academic、Strict academic。edited and published in 1828 "Boyn Byzantin Historical Works"，The most important Byzantine Document Series with the above -mentioned Paris Daquan。1892，Karl Cologon Bayer founded the Byzantine Research，Become one of the highest levels of Byzantine academic circles。Linkshar's law of Byzantine、Stan's research on Byzantine's socio -economic research is rigorous and profound，Can be called a model。British scholars are longer than writing most heads、Multi -volume of historical works，Edward Yoshimoto's "History of Roman Empire Dead" (published by 1776-1788) and "Cambridge Medieval History" (published in 1911-1936) edited by John Bori are all classic hand -of -world works。

Eastern Europe has a long historical origin and the Byzantine Empire，But the formation of Byzantine is generally later than Western European countries。The Greek academic community believes that contemporary Greece is the historical continuation of the ancient Greek and the Byzantine Empire，Therefore, it is like Paparg Plus、Studies in the study of well -known scholars such as Omandus and Karajan Noborus are full of patriotism and nationalist tendencies。Russia Byzantine formed in the second half of the 19th century，Rich information、The system is huge、There are many scholars、Unique viewpoints in the international Byzantine academic community，In the history of economy、Church history and art history deeply。1894，Russia's founder of Byzantin's founder Vasiliyevsky founded the Byzantin Journal，The academic influence is on the name of "Byzantine Research" in Germany。Russia Byzantin has two research styles，One is Vasiliyevsky、Kongdakov、ф.и. Schurgers and other scholars combined with France、Classic research bet365 live casino games style formed by the influence of German school，The other is the Soviet period of Lefchen Ke、Cosminguski、Marxist research style formed by scholars such as Udalezova and others by historical materialism。Current，Karpov、Medvedev、Bibikov and other scholars integrate the above two research styles，Pushing Russia Byzantin's research to a new step。Need to point out，Russian Yugoslav scholar Ostro Gelsky's "The National History of Byzantin" (published in 1940)，One of the greatest Byzantine Empires by the international academic community。

After World War II，Some non -traditional countries of Byzantine Studies have begun to intervene in this field。The United States take a series of measures，Strive to persevere international Byzantine Research Cattle Ear: Tudes to form a Byzantin Studies Research Institution，Such as the famous Dunbarton Oak Garden; extend the experts from all over the country through the excellent treatment and comfortable working environment，Such as a Russian scholar Vasiliyev、Carridan; introduce high -tech means into Byzantine research，To enrich the research method、Improve work efficiency。Chinese scholars have long been involved in Byzantine's history and culture，But a large -scale system research only officially launched in the 1980s and 1990s。In recent years，China Byzantin has made great progress。In terms of talent training and institutional settings，At present, dozens of professional scholars are distributed in universities and scientific research institutions across the country，Nankai University、Northeast Normal University and Tsinghua University are the heavy town of Byzantine Research。In terms of topic selection，Professor Chen Zhiqiang wrote several historical monographs (such as "Byzatn Empire History"，Business Press 2003 Edition)，laid a solid foundation for the development of Chinese Byzantine; Professor Zhang Xushan has been deeply cultivated in the field of Byzantine in China，The results of the series have aroused widespread attention from the international Byzantine academic community (for example, "Research Bet365 lotto review on the Research on the Relationship between China and Byzantine Empires"，Chinese Book Company 2012); Professor Xu Jialing opened up many special research directions，The writing is quite abundant (for example, "Early Byzantine and Chastini Research"，Northeast Normal University Press 1998 edition)。In terms of research theory and method，Chinese scholars strive to build the research theory of their own characteristics under the guidance of materialist history，Flexible research method for different topics，Follow the influence of the latest scientific and technological means on Byzantine。

(Author Unit: Institute of World History of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences)