The State Administration of Cultural Relics held an important progress of the "Archaeological China" major project in Beijing on December 14, 2021，The first announcement of the tomb of Xi'an Village, Xi'an, Shaanxi was identified as the Emperor Hanwen Buling，Corrected the false biography of Buling in Phoenix mouth for more than 700 years from the Yuan Dynasty，This news quickly became a national hotspot。The archaeological results of Ba Ling won the "Top Ten Archaeological Discovery of the National Top 2021" "2021 Shaanxi Province Six Archaeological Discovery"。

Hanwen Emperor Buling is located in the western end of Bailuyuan, East of Jiangcun, Di Village, Diqiao District, Xi'an City, Xi'an City, Shaanxi Province，About 800 meters northeast is the Mausoleum of Queen Dou，About 2000 meters southwest is the queen queen Queen of Nanling，About 2100 meters north of the north is the "Phoenix Mouth"。Big Tibetan pits around the Gaoling and Nanling unearthed various pottery figurines、pottery、Ironware、Copper、Gold and Silverware、Horses and other precious cultural relics in the Han Dynasty。A large number of rare birds and bones were found in many small funeral pits.，Funeral has a pottery coffin、brick column and wooden，Funeral with pottery containers、pottery figurines, etc.。By preliminary form comparison、Data measurement and some animal DNA identification，Discovery has a red -crowned crane、Green Peacock、​​Brown Horse Chicken、Lu Gui、Golden Monkey、Tiger、Malay、鬣 Antelope、Indian Bull、Yak、Antelope and other 40 animal bones，attracted the attention and curiosity of many people。

　　Zhenyou and different beasts unearthed from Emperor Hanwenba Ling

The animal funeral pits of the Buling are located in the Bailurahara West Po at about 600 meters southwest of the tomb of Hanwen，The shape of the form is close to the east -west rectangular pits，The direction is obviously different from the queen queen queen Nanling animal funeral pit，Its animal skulls are all east，towards the Emperor Hanwen Buling。Beast animals of Nanling are all south，Fighting to the Queen Mother Bo Empress Dowager Nanling。Baduling archeological exploration new discovery has more than 60 funeral pits，In addition, archeologists in 1966 have discovered and cleaned up 47 from the funeral pit，Ma was unearthed、Sheep、Pig、Dog、Bet365 app download Chicken、Goose、crane and other beast bones，So，This area should be distributed with hundreds of orderly arranged funeral pits。

August 2021 to August 2022，Archaeologists excavated 23 animal funeral pits，Found that animal types have a total of 11 species，Including 2 types of birds and 9 species of beasts，All are rare wild animals，The types of animals unearthed are both animals that are still living in the southern Toyo (tropical or subtropical), such as Indian bison、Malay 貘 and Green Peacock，There are also three treasures in the "Qinling Four Treasures" -Golden Silk Monkey、Big Panda、Antelope。Where，Tiger、Malay、Yak、Indian bison found for the first time in Shaanxi Province。

Tapirus Indicus: Also known as Asia，Produced in Malaysia、Sumatra and Thailand，is the largest of the categories。Current，貘 In our country, it has been extinct，But there have been in history。Henan Anyang Yinxu Shang Dynasty site unearthed with bones and mandibular bones;、Shanxi Province, Hengshui Western Zhou Dynasty, the Cemetery of the Cemetery of the Cemetery of the Cemetery of the Cemetery of the Cemetery of the Cemetery of the Cemetery of the Bronze Ware;、Shandong Tengxian Xidouhan portrait stone、The Shangyu Kiln Nipple Celadon flat pot unearthed in Jintan, Jiangsu in August 1970，A long image appears。The Tang Dynasty poet Bai Juyi's "Ping Pingzan" wrote: "，Elephant nose rhinoceros，Houwei Tiger Foot，Born in the South Valley。"indicates that 貘 still exist in the south of the Tang Dynasty。

In the past archeological discovery，Except for the bone external，The rest are bronze wares of "貘"、murals、The "elephant" shape of the porcelain。So，The complete skeleton unearthed from Ba Ling is precious，confirmed until the Han Dynasty，There is still the existence of strange hoofs in northern China，This discovery is a climate at that time、Environment and ecology provides valuable physical information。

Indian bullus (bos gaurus): alias white limb bull、wild ox、White socks、Asian bulls, etc.，distributed in South Asia、Southeast Asia、West Shuangbanna and Pu'er in Yunnan Province, my country，attracts people’s eyeballs with its large bodies，is one of the largest cows in the world。Indian bull bones are also the largest animal skeleton in all pits this time，It is much larger than the "Bos Exiguous" of Yin Ruins.。Indian bulls are first discovered in the northern archeological site of my country。

　　Zhenyou and different beasts unearthed from the Queen Mother of Nanling

Nanling animal funeral pits are located at about 250 meters northwest of the northwest of the "Shi Waijie" in Nanling，Archaeological exploration display，There are more than 380 animal funeral pits in this area with 10 rows and 42 rows，Its Bet365 app download arrangement is orderly、No broken relationship，is a one -time plan，The shape is a vertical hole in the north -south rectangular pits。Where，Small bird animals are mainly pottery coffin funeral，Mammals and reptiles are mainly brick columns and wooden funerals，Most of the brick columns。

1975，Archaeologists have rescued and excavated 23 funeral pits，The most important of which is the complete skeleton of rhinos and the skull of the giant panda。From December 2020 to April 2022，Bading Archaeological Team continued to excavate the burial pit of Nanling Animals，This archeological excavation area is around in 1975 to excavate the funeral pit，mainly East、South、West，Semi -surrounded，Discover 55 burial pits for a total of，Funeral animals have birds、Beasts and reptiles。

Bird bones are mainly distributed in the southeast，Beast bones are mainly distributed on the southwest，K33-4 pit in the middle has both birds and beasts，Like the underground zoo of the Royal Garden of the Emperor Wen Period。Preliminary identification，The types of animals found in total 30 genus species，Including 18 genus species、1 type of crawling and 11 species (breastfeeding)，Including gold sculptures、Green Peacock、​​Brown Horse Chicken、Daniel Crane、Golden Monkey、macaque、Tiger、鬣 Antelope、Goose Throat Antelope、Meihua Deer、30 kinds of rare wildlife bones, etc.。Where，The most important thing is，For the first time in Shaanxi Province, a ribbon turtle turtle、Birds of Birds and Birds of the Field Rhino Bird。

Manoria Emys: Located in the middle of the brick bar，One piece of plastic clothes and pottery figurines and pottery pots in its south，vessels that symbolize the breeders and the food of animal food。Chinese turtles have four -clawed land turtle、Caval tortoise and Myanmar tortoise three types，The length of their back armor does not exceed 30 cm，But the length of the land turtle back of this time is 52 cm，It should be Asia's largest tortoise — boot foot turtle。

Boots and foot turtles are divided into two subspecies，Manouria EMYS EMYS earlier (1844) was discovered and named，Later (1853) Manoria EMYS PHAYREL was only named。The former is relatively small，Back armor can reach 50 cm，Most of the body color is brown，Left and right chest shields are not connected，Back armor is flat，The distribution range is southern Thailand、Malaysia、Sumatra and some Indonesian Islands; the latter is large，Back armor can reach 60 cm，Weight can reach 37 kg，The appearance color is mostly darker，The left and right chest shields of the abdominal Bet365 app download armor are connected，Back -to -Armor decks up upward，Backpack higher，distributed in northern Thailand、Myanmar、Bangladesh and India。

Bucorvus SP.: Divided into two types: Bucorvus ABYssinicus and Bucorvus LeadBeateri，It is now distributed in African tropical grasslands，Big size，The biggest type of rhino bird，It is also the most meat -based bird，can capture ground insects、Lizard and other small animals。better preserved humerus from K33-4、femoral、跗 跗 骨，belongs to large birds，They are closest to the corresponding parts of the ground rhino birds included on the website of www.aves3d.org，The size is slightly larger。Due to the lack of comparison specimens in China，Website database incomplete，Further type identification also needs to use ancient DNA technology and morphological comparison research。

　　The meaning of discovered

On the southwestern side of the Emperor Bading and the northwest of the Nanling Queen Mother, a large number of treasures and other beasts were buried in a single tomb.。Different from the treasures of the G12 of Shenheyuan's tomb and the bronze water bird pit of Qinling K0007，They are buried inside a large -scale hidden pit; there are also different cities between the inside and outside of the Qin Shihuang's tomb、17 Jane Biao Difang Pits on the south side of the west gate of the inner city，It is arranged in the "one" shape of the north and south，For the east -west rectangular vertical acupoint funeral pit，Try to excavate two pits with pottery bowls、copper ring and deer、Set and other animal bones，14 seats on the north and south of the pits on the north and south of the north and south of the treasure poultry pits，Or a symbol of the situation of the nourishment of the nourishment in the palace of the emperor。

Use bone form comparison、Data measurement and ancient DNA methods，Accurately identify the species of each animal unearthed in the hidden pit of animals，It can explore its own attributes from the perspective of animal archeology、The symbolic meaning and relationship with the identity of the tomb owner。From the current excavation information，Only Emperor、Houling and the Queen Mother's Tombs are unearthed with rare birds，is a symbol of identity and status。

First，Provides archeological evidence for the types of Royal Garden Animals recorded in the literature。The unearthed animals unearthed this time in Sima Xiangru's "Shanglin Fu"、Yangxiong's "Chang Yang Fu"、Ban Gu's "Two Du Fu"、Zhang Heng's "Xi Jing Fu"，and "Han Book", "Shan Hai Jing", "Eria" and "Book of Songs" can basically be found。Rulu Turtle ("Shan Hai Jing" Bet365 app download called Dragon Turtle)、Brown Horse Chicken ("Shan Hai Jing" and "Shanglin Fu" called 鹖 鹖 鹖)、Hongyan ("Shanglin Fu" called Hong)、Peacock ("Shanglin Fu" is called Kong)、Blackwater Chicken ("Shanglin Fu" called the canal)、Chima duck or green -winged duck or green head duck ("Book of Songs" called、Wild Duck)、Big Panda ("Shanglin Fu" is called Mengshi、"Shan Hai Jing" called Meng Leopard、"Eria · Shi Beast" is called the white leopard、"Shang Shu" called、"Mao Shi" is called Bai Yan、"Emeishan Zhi" is called 貔貅 丨、"The Beast Sutra" is called、"Compendium of Materia Medica", etc.)、Banling (Green Sheep) ("Shanglin Fu" is called the sheep)、Yak ("Shan Hai Jing" called 旄、Yak，"Shanglin Fu" called、Fashion、yak)、Chisan ("Shan Hai Jing" called Ji、"Eria · Shi Beast" called）、Xunzi ("Eria Release Beast" 麠、Big 麃)、Meihua deer ("Shanglin Fu" called deer)、Golden Monkey ("Shan Hai Jing", "Eria", "Shanglin Fu" called，"Chang Yang Fu", "Xidu Fu", "Chu Ci · Nine Chapter"，"埤 埤" is called golden velvet、Velvet, etc.)、macaque ("Shanglin Fu" called、蠼猱)、Mongolian Rabbit ("Shanglin Fu" is called Rabbit、Cunning Rabbit)、Antelope ("Shan Hai Jing" calledCow)、Indian Bulls ("Shan Hai Jing" called，"Eria · Shi Beast" is called，蘷 cow is used as a cow)，etc.。

Next，It can restore the ecological environment and climate around the Gaoling site，Rudo Animal Animal Malay、Indian Bull、Rhino、The existence of the ground rhino bird and green peacock，Prove that the climate at that time was hot and humid，Animals living in the south today can survive here。macaque、Golden Monkey、Tiger、Big Panda、Meihua Deer、狍、Chisan，Sheep Yaro Antelope、鬣 Antelope (Su Men Ling)、Antelope and Antelope Yamota Animal Goose Throat、Mongolian Gazelle and Niu Ya Ke Animal Yak、The existence of Indian bison，Explain the forest around Shanglinyuan、Bamboo、Grassland and River Lake Marsh and other ecosystems are widely cloth，Beautiful environment，It seems to be China's earliest extremely rich species of the Royal Garden Moving Botanical Garden。After the Western Han Dynasty，With the ecological environment、The change of climate and the reclamation of the land of Shanglin Garden、Vegetables, especially the destruction of the forest，Some animals have lost their dependent living environment，Disappearing in Guanzhong region。About to the late Western Han Dynasty，Rhino has been extinct in the area of ​​Guanzhong and Qinling。Emperor Hanping Emperor in the beginning of the Bet365 app download first year of the first year，Huang Zhiguo once transported rhino to Changan。

Certificate of discovery this time，At least in the Western Han Dynasty，貘 and giant panda or two animals，"貘" ("貘" in "Shanglin Fu" respectively旄貘 嫠 嫠 ") and" Mengshi "(" Ge Shrimp Clade，鋋 Mengshi ") Correspondence。Two small -scale out -of -Tibetan pits that are not far away from Wendi Buling，Two different complete animal skeletons were unearthed at the same time，Appraisal，Two different complete animal skeletons were unearthed at the same time，larger body shape，There are four toe in the forelimb，There are only three toe in the hind limbs，It belongs to the most primitive type in the hoof eyes。Another giant panda for meat food。The ancient name of the giant panda should be the "might" of the "Beast Melmary Leopard" in the "Shan Hai Jing · Nanshan Sutra" in the late Warring States Period (according to the "Biography of the Shan Hai Jing" in the "Guo Yan"，Mao Qian，There is shiny，Eating snake，Copper iron，Out of Shu Zhong。Leopard or Tiger。"" Actually，The mammoth here is two kinds of animals: Meng and Leopard，and the Jin people Guo Hongnong will hardly "fierce、Leopard "two things are interpreted as" Meng Leopard ") and the" Meng's "chased in" Shanglin Fu "。

"Big Panda" was named after 1900 by French scholar David，The earliest accurate title in Chinese ancient books actually only one，"Meng"。But，At present, the consensus reached by the academic community is the title of giant panda in ancient books (貊、狛)。This is mainly "貘", "貊" and "狛" from the sound of "Meng"。"Shan Hai Jing · Zhongshan Jing" "Shan Shan"，Guo Yan Note: "Shan Shan ...，貊 貊，Also eat copper and iron。Meng Leopard is the Leopard，貘 Leopard、Turn the sound of the panther closer。"Erya" Cloud: "貘，White Leopard。"Guo Yan also explained in detail in" Erya Note ":" Like Bear、small head、Pufed、Black and White Refutation，Can eat copper and iron and bamboo bone。"Xu Shen's" Said the Word "interpretation:" 貘，It looks like a bear and yellow black，Out of Shu Zhong。"貘" "貘"。The scholar of the Qing Dynasty Hao Yanxing's "Shan Hai Jing Jian Shu": "The mammoth is the leopard。"These descriptions regardless of form、Food or origin is in line with the characteristics of giant pandas。

Last，These rare birds show the princes and nobles in the Royal Garden.、Scene of precious animals for hunting。Ban Gu "Hanshu Jiashan Biography" record，(Emperor) "Choose its sage，Make it for a regular servant、All officials，Express Hunting，Out again a day ";" Hanshu · Hun bet365 live casino games Biography "record，Emperor Hanwen's middle -aged "struggling，Sui bow，pro -Saded horse，From Six County Liangjia Materials Materials，Chi Shooting Shanglin，Speaking of Xi Zhan Chen，Gathering the World Salm Army in Guangwu "。These record descriptions，Emperor Hanwen especially hobby hunting，This is before he is the emperor、At the age of 8, she and mother Bo Ji were closely related to the life experience of the land to seal the country.。The burial system that places living facilities in the cemetery，It reflects the funeral concept of "death and death"，It is a major feature of the tomb system in the late Qin Dynasty and the Western Han Dynasty.。

Types that have been extinct locally，Ru Malay、Indian Bull、Yak、Chisan、Green Peacock、Earth of the bones such as the ground rhino bird，greatly enriched the type and quantity of the existing animal specimen library，Provides a variety of first -hand first -hand information for the comparison and research of animal specimens of archeological sites in the future，It also enriched the exhibition resources of the museum。Animal funeral pit excavated this archeological excavation，It should be the reproduction of the Royal Garden of the Western Han Dynasty，It is a new type of relics for the Western Han Emperor Tombs，Study study the Western Han Emperor's Tomb System、Qinhan Royal Garden Culture and other important academic value。

(The author is a researcher at the Shaanxi Provincial Institute of Archeology; Research Museum of the Shaanxi Provincial Institute of Archaeological Research; assistant librarian of the Institute of Cultural Relics Protection of Cultural Relics)