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Civil society is one of the most enduring concepts in social sciences。According to Marx's analysis of the history of the relationship between the relationship between the country and the citizens，Political factors during the ancient Greek period run through all private areas，Civil society is completely included in the country，Lack of society and the country、I am the distinction between me from the private domain。and Europe in the Middle Ages，"Human life and the life of the country" combined into one，The two are also the same relationship。Only to modern times，Only the public society and the country can show the trend of separation。Since then，How to surpass the structural dilemma brought by this separation，Become Hegel、Marx's focus of debate with some Western Marxists。

　　The essence of civil society is a form of communication

The concept of civic society in the modern sense is proposed by Hegel。He made a clear distinction between the country and the public，and think of the industrial revolution、The historic development of the French Revolution and the emergence of the "social" relationship has made a conceptual difference between the two。He pointed out，The development of capitalist industrialization has produced a private individual interaction and associated area，This kind of "stage in the difference between family and countries" is the civic society。It consists of three or three elements: the required system、Police and judicial system、The Association System。

However, Marx explicitly rejected the three element concepts of Hegel's civic Bet365 lotto review society，This will reduce the category of the civic society to the "required system"，The sum of the production relationship。In Marx's discussion，Civil society means "restricting all historical stages so far, restricting the form of productivity in all historical stages, and in turn to restrict productivity"，It also refers to "social organizations developed directly from production and communication"，But "The real civil society is just developed with the bourgeoisie"。As for the police and judicial system，From Marx's view，In fact, it is a state agency，but not the institution of the public society。This is because "the" police "'court' and 'administrative organs' are not representatives of the universal interests that the civic society itself manages their own universal interests，Instead, the state uses to manage itself、A full representative of the public society "。Converse，Hegel incorporates the police and judicial system into the category of a civic society instead of a political country，Highlight the limitations of its civic social theory。

On the basis of Hegel and Marx's two -point method for the country and the public society，An important contribution of Grandis is to propose the economy、Framework of the Civil Social Concepts of the National and Citizens Society。The concept of three elements of the civic society based on Hegel，but different from Marx's society corresponding to the demand system，Grandi corresponds to the citizens' society in the corporation system，and distinguish it from the economy and society (the need system) and the political society (country)。similar to it，Habermas believes that civic society is "non -governmental、Non -economic connection and voluntary bet365 live casino games union "，and Keheng and Ararto pointed out that the civic society is "the field of social interaction between the economy and the country"，Covering the private field、Social field、Social movement and public communication form constituent elements。

　Civil society is a kind of interest tool

As far as the relationship between the civil society and the country is concerned，Hegel thinks，The country decides to citizens。but but，He also pointed out，The ethical systems in civic society are "pillars of public freedom"，"The national foundation of consolidation，and the foundation of the trust and loyalty of the country "。Although the national and civil society is conceptual，But the two are structurally integrated、penetration of each other。From the perspective of Hegel，Police and the Association of the same industry represent the country's penetration of the country's society，and the level meeting represents the penetration of the country's society to the country。

But，Marx believes that Hegel reversed the relationship between the country and the society，Not the country decides civic society，Instead, the public society determines the country。Analysis mode based on "economic foundation -upper building"，Marx pointed out，Civil society "constitutes the foundation of the country and the basis of any other concept of concept"。In other words，Citizen society as an economic infrastructure determines a country as a political upper -level building。Marx regards the struggle within the civil society as the driving force for development，Political upper -level buildings are a reflection of the changes in the social society。More importantly，Marx regards the public society as another tool for promoting the interests bet365 live casino games of capitalist ruling class。

Determine from the civic society claimed by Marx's claim，Grandisie emphasizes that the public society is part of the upper -level building。He pointed out，There are two upper buildings: "civic society" and "political society" in capitalist society。The former corresponds to the "hegemony" function that the Rule of Group exercises in the entire society，The latter corresponds to the "direct rule" or "command" function exercised through the state and the government，The two are largely integrated。But Grandi emphasizes，"hegemony" is a flexible control mechanism based on the consent of the ruler，This means that there must be a space that allows free associations and action，This makes the culture of challenging hegemony (and country)、The occurrence of social and political forms becomes possible。and Habermaz、Ke Heng and Alato, etc., locate the civic society from the three models of the life and political and economic subsystems of life: it can neither be completely separated from the political and economic system，In turn, you can impact the political and economic processes through the public field。Therefore，National and civic society can be said to interact with each other、A relationship shaped by each other。

　The path beyond the civic society

The polarization and social conflicts existing in the social field of the civil society，The risk of destroying the society。For this structural dilemma，Hegel advocates replacing or discarding the separation of national and civic society with a higher order。He tried to pass through the police、A series of complex institutions and mechanisms such as court and administrative agency to mediate the opposition between the two，and advocate that bet365 Play online games the "universal nature" of democratized countries surpasses the specialism of civic society，Re -realize the unity of private and citizens in a general country that is a community of ethics。

Marx also emphasized to surpass the split between private and citizens，Reappell the realization of citizens' lives and political life。but but，Marx cares more，General freedom cannot be obtained through the country，Because of the liberation in the country or the liberation obtained through the country is political liberation，But political liberation is not human liberation，Because political freedom is not the freedom of human society。This requires a new social form，That is, the civil society itself must be democratized。Class -based inequality in civic society，lies in surpassing the civic society itself，The material basis for eliminating its private property，instead of calling on the country to supervise。The final democratization of civil society needs to abolish the country，Going to surpass the social chaos in the capitalist market、"Freedom Union" of confrontation and inequality。

Grandi and Marx both advocate that the structural dilemma of the civil society by overthrowing capitalism。The basic belief of the two is，Civil society is the focus of revolutionary actions，Given that it has a close contact with capitalism，Only transform capitalism，can the society get rid of class differentiation。Although the final goal is the same，But the path of the two is different。Marx pointed out that the country must be overturned，and Grandi advocate expanding the public society，until it "annex" country。and Habermaz、Keheng and Alato, etc., clearly oppose the two radical schemes of "nationalization of bet365 Play online games society" or "socialization of the country"，Because the system of life and the economy that the system relies on is、The differentiation of the two subsystems of administrative two subsystems is a limited feature of modernity，Any "de -differentiation" struggle or plan is an anti -modernity in their opinion。So，Be wary and reverse "the colonial of the system to the world"，You must give up "the overall desire for a self -organized society"，overthrow or conquer the country and rebuild it on a new basis。They advocate，The fundamental task of civil society is，The relationship between the country and the society from the position of "self -restrictions" is issued，The trend of reversing the colonization of the world of life。

To sum up，Grandi inherited Marx's critical direction，They all oppose Hegel's transcendence。It is impossible to solve it through the country because of the structural dilemma of class confrontation and civil society，The result of conflict between the reconciliation of class can only be the legalization and permanentization of class oppression。and Habermaz、Koheng and Ararto later Marxists，Both oppose "nationalization of society"，Reject "the socialization of the country"。They throw the so -called "radical democracy" solution，Can the structural dilemma proposed by Hegel is suspicious，Because from the view of Marx and Grandi，As long as capitalism exists，This structural dilemma cannot surpass。The key is，This scheme not only discards the sharp criticism of Marx and Grandis to a certain extent，also caused a completely confrontation between the two political issues of socialism and radical democracy。This is also the theory of democratic and political practice in Western capitalist countries。

bet365 Play online games (Author Unit: Law School of Anhui Normal University)