The concept of app bet365 download is the starting point of Marx’s criticism of capitalism。Marx defined the concept of "cooperation" in "Das Kapital" and his manuscripts: "Many people in the same production process，Or in different but related production processes，Work together in a planned manner，This form of labor is called app bet365 download。”Marx’s concept of app bet365 download mainly includes four characteristics: internal correlation within app bet365 download、The planned nature of app bet365 download、The combination of app bet365 download between workers and labor products、The productivity and creativity inherent in app bet365 download。

　　app bet365 download and Critique of Capitalism

Under capitalist conditions，Social productivity based on app bet365 download or app bet365 download itself has been appropriated for free，So Marx pointed out that "app bet365 download is the social productivity of labor，Exhibited as the productivity of capital，Rather than manifesting itself as the productivity of labor”。Capitalists pay wages to every worker，But no corresponding wages are paid for the app bet365 download of all workers。In other words, in Marx，When talking about the extraction of relative surplus value，Not only highlights the dimension that the worker’s labor time exceeds the labor time necessary to reproduce his labor capacity，It also highlights the dimension that labor ability has achieved a new productivity under a certain social combination。

Based on the concept of app bet365 download，Marx launched the following two aspects of criticism: Firstly，Capitalist management uses a neutral appearance to cover up the exploitative activities of capital in the form of labor app bet365 download。Because the concept of app bet365 download itself contains correlation、Planning and combination，This means that the collaborative process must require a kind of management labor，At the same time, capitalist management is the inevitable result of "a mode of production based on the opposition between workers as direct producers and owners of the means of production"，But it uses the general need for app bet365 download to cover up the internal antagonism and exploitation of capitalist production。The second is，The labor subject is objectified in collaborative labor under capitalist conditions，Because the capitalist labor process also serves as a capital appreciation process，Inside it can only be labor conditions using workers and not the other way around，So the labor ability of workers has become a one-sided function，Marx further pointed out that the worker "has become a simple part in itself"。

Can be seen，It is based on the definition and analysis of the concept of app bet365 download，Marx was able to analyze the historical specificity and non-neutrality of app bet365 download under capitalism，Thus lay a solid foundation for the collaborative concept of socialism and even the communist stage。

　　Collaborative app bet365 download and socialism

Collaborative production is one of Marx and Engels’s principles of socialism。As Engels once said in a letter to Bebel: "As for the transition to a fully communist economy，We must adopt collaborative production as an intermediate link on a large scale，Marx and I have never doubted this。”Collaborative production is indeed an important proposition that accompanied Marx for most of his theoretical career，Marx began to pay attention to this proposition in the 1860s，Mainly has two backgrounds: reality and theory: at the practical level，Marx urgently needs to launch a theoretical counterattack against Lassalleanism，At the same time, it is also necessary to guide the newly established "International Workers' Association" to carry out specific practices；At the theoretical level，After fully studying the ideas of socialists such as Owen and the Chartist leader Jones，and based on excerpts from documents discussing colonial issues in the 1850s，Marx expanded the dimension of "app bet365 download" in his theoretical perspective，Since then, app bet365 download has occupied a place in his ideological horizon with characteristics different from division of labor。

Marx’s vision of the specific form of cooperative production in his era was cooperatives，But before getting into specifics about this，It is also necessary to abandon the existing cooperatives。Marx and Jones to Rochdale、Padiham、Bradford’s cooperative as an example，Point out their limitations: their systems are isolated，Based on personal interests and antagonistic interests，Limiting the benefits to a group of people in a region。Under the premise of this self-limitation，Cooperatives can only compete with each other。So they are essentially hostile to autonomous joint app bet365 download，A fatal blow to the hope of app bet365 download liberation。And through the analysis of the cooperative situation of Bingley and Bury，Marx and Jones discover beneficial institutions。For example，Distribute profits to members and society，Or give members the right to receive a profit share equivalent to their purchases，These are huge improvements。In summary，The former reveals the hypocritical nature of capitalism，The latter is a revelation of the reality of communism，It is under this double revelation，Marx spoke highly of cooperatives，Call it “‘Possible’ Communism”。

In order to avoid falling into the trap of utopian socialism，Marx did not give the specific operating mechanism of the cooperative he envisioned，But two principle provisions are given: First，The dictatorship of the proletariat is the political prerequisite to ensure that workers can manage themselves and completely transform society。Based on this，Marx praised the Paris Commune as “the product of the struggle between the producer class and the appropriating class，It is the political form that has finally been discovered that can liberate app bet365 download economically”。Part 2，The opportunity for economic revolution and its success lies in fully absorbing and liberating "the new social factors bred by bourgeois society itself"，This new social factor is brought about by the unstoppable development of the contradictions in capitalist society itself。For example，Marx believed that the cooperative factories at that time were only possible based on the factory system and credit system born from capitalism。

Visible，What is the realistic path to communism，app bet365 download gave his answer in his late period using cooperatives, a collaborative economic concept that is both realistic and principled，It has two levels of philosophical effects: First，Beyond the attempt to use external forces to unify particular individuals，Emphasis on the importance of personal self-liberation at the subjective level。Part 2，Beyond the theory that ignores specific production relations and conditions and blindly trusts personal power，Emphasis on the importance of the objective reality of the situation。It is this dual emphasis on both subjective and objective levels，To prevent app bet365 download’s idea from becoming a utopia or a blind move。

(Author’s affiliation: Department of Philosophy, School of Humanities, Tsinghua University)