The concept of collaboration is the feller of Marx's criticism of capitalism。Marx defines the concept of "Cooperation" in "Capital" and its manuscripts: "Many people are in the same production process，or in different but interconnected production processes，Cooperate working together with plans，This form of labor is called collaboration。"The concept of Marx's collaboration mainly includes four aspects of the characteristics: internal associations、The cooperation itself is planned、The combination of collaboration with workers and labor products、Productivity creation in the collaboration。

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Under capitalist conditions，Social productivity based on collaboration or collaboration itself has been possessed without compensation，So Marx pointed out "Social labor productive forces for collaboration，It is manifested as the productivity of capital，instead of the productivity of labor "。Capitalists pay wages for each worker，but did not pay the corresponding salary for all workers' collaboration。That is bet365 live casino games to say in Marx，When talking about the squeezing of relatively surplus value，Not only highlighting the labor time of the laborer's labor time exceeds the labor time necessary for reappearing his labor ability，At the same time, it also highlights the labor ability to achieve a new productivity of a new productive force under the combination of a society。

Based on the concept of collaboration，Marx launched the following two criticisms: one is，Capitalist management cover up the exploitation activities of capital in the form of labor collaboration with a neutral appearance。Because the collaboration concept itself contains correlation、Planning and binding，This means that the collaboration process must require a management labor，Capitalist management is also "the inevitable result of the opposition between the workers and the owner of the production materials as a direct producer"，But it needs to cover up the internal opposition and exploitation of capitalist production by collaborating the general nature of management。The second is，In the collaborative labor under capitalist conditions, the labor subject is physicalized，Because the labor process of capitalism is also used as a capital proliferation process，It can only be bet365 live casino games used by labor conditions instead of workers instead of the opposite inside，So the labor ability of the workers has become a one -sided function，Then Marx pointed out that the worker "itself has become a simple part"。

You can see，It is based on the definition and analysis of the concept of collaboration，Marx can describe the historical particularity and non -neutrality of collaboration under capitalist conditions，Then laid a solid foundation for the collaboration ideas of socialism and even the communist stage。

　　Cooperative production and socialism

Cooperative production is one of the principles of Marx Engels for socialism。As Engels once said in a letter to Beckle: "As for the transition from a complete communist economy，We must use collaborative production as the intermediate link，This point Marx and I have never doubted。"collaborative production is indeed an important proposition accompanied by Most of the theoretical career，Marx began to pay attention to the proposition in the 1860s，It mainly has two aspects of reality and theoretical aspects: at the reality level，Marx urgently need to start a theoretical counterattack on Lhasalism，At the same time, you also need to guide the newly established "International Workers' Association" to carry bet365 Play online games out specific practice; at the theoretical level，The thought of Jones, the leader of Socialists such as Irving and the leader of the charter,，and the 1850s after the excerpts of the discussion of colonial problems，Marx expanded the dimension of "collaboration" in its theoretical perspective，Since then, it has a place in its ideological perspective with characteristics that are different from division of labor。

Marx's vision of the specific form of collaborative production in its era is a cooperative，But before the specific explanation of this，It is also needed to abandon the cooperatives that existed at the time at the time。Marx and Jones Erchida、Padiem、Brahord's cooperative as an example，Pointing out its limitations: Their system is isolated，Based on personal interests and confrontation interests，The upcoming interest is limited to some people in one area。Under the premise of self -setting，Cooperatives can only compete with each other。So they are essentially hostile and independent joint labor，Is a fatal blow to the hope of labor liberation。Analysis of the situation of the cooperative situation of Bin Ge and Bori，Marx and Jones discovered a useful system。For example，Distribute profit to members Bet365 app download and society，or give members to get the right to the equivalent profit share with their purchase amount，These are huge progress。Summary，The former is a disclosure of the hypocritical nature of capitalism，The latter is the revealing of the reality of communism，It is under this double disclosure，Marx gave a high evaluation to the cooperative，Called "‘ possible ’communism”。

To avoid falling into the imagination of socialism，Marx did not give him the specific operating mechanism of the cooperatives he imagined，But two principles are given: one，The dictatorship of the proletariat is to ensure that workers can self -manage and thoroughly transform the political prerequisite for society。Based on this，Marx praised the Paris Commune "the product of the class struggle of the producer class and the class of the occupant，It is finally discovered to make the political form that can make labor economic liberation "。Its two，The opportunity of the economic revolution and its success is to fully absorb and liberate the "new society factors breed by the bourgeois society itself"，and this new social factors are brought about by the irresistible development of the contradiction of the capitalist society itself。For example，Marx believes that the coordinated bet365 live casino games factory at the time was possible.。

Visible，What are the actual paths to communism，Marx using cooperatives in the late stage, which has a reality and principle collaborative economic idea, gives him answer，It has two levels of philosophical effects: one，Beyond the attempt to use external forces to unify special individuals，Emphasized the importance of personal self -liberation at the subjective level。Its two，The theory that surpasses the blind trust of personal strength and the conditions of the individual strength that ignores specific production relationships and conditions，Emphasized the importance of the realistic situation at the objective level。It is this dual emphasis on the two levels of subjective and objective，Make Marx's imagination so as not to become a kind of imagination or a blind motion。

(Author Unit: Department of Philosophy of the School of Humanities of Tsinghua University)