Historical materialism believes，The factors that play a decisive role in the process of social history are "things"。The key here is how to correctly understand the connotation of the "things" only in historical materialism。"Outline for Ferbaha" is a sign of Marx's thoughts to mature and independent，The first one reveals the three clues of this correct understanding。"The main disadvantage of all the materialism (including Ferbaha's materialism) in the previous previous is: the object、Reality、Sensory，Just understand from the object or intuitive form，instead of treating them as a perceptual person's activity，Understand as a practice，Not to understand from the main body。So，Contrary to materialism，Idealism has developed abstractly，Of course，Idealism is unknown、Senior activity itself。"" In order of logic，These three clues are: first，Historical materialism "things"，Not the so -called spirit or thought of Hegel's philosophy，Because "idealism is unknown、Senior activity itself "; second，This "thing" is not "object、Reality、Sensory，Ferbaha materialism only from the object or intuitive form "; third，This "thing" can only be "emotional people's activities"，"Practice"，That is, the "material life" and "material life relationship" commonly used later。The first two are critical and negative，This "thing" is not from the opposite side; Article 3 is the construction after criticism，What this "thing" is from the front。

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The germination and maturity of historical materialism，With Marx's criticism and abandoning Hegel's philosophy。Marx said: "My dialectical method，Fundamentally，Not only is it different from Hegel's dialectics，and opposite it。"Historical materialism believes that the factors that play a decisive role in the historical process are" objects "，Hegel's philosophy "completely opposite"，The factors bet365 Play online games that believe that the decisive role in the historical process is "heart"，That is, the "spirit" of the cornerstone of Hegel's huge philosophical system。

Hegel's "Spirit" has three major features，First，The spirit is the first place，logically first，It decides and derives things。"The spiritual world is the physical world，The material world is affiliated with it。What is the truth of the material world to the spiritual world。"Marx pointed out:" In Hegel's view，Thinking process，That is the thinking process that he calls the concept and even turns it into an independent subject，is the creator of real things，And realistic things are just external performance of the thinking process。"" Second，Spirit is freedom and ability，Spirit is the entity，and the entity is the subject。"The essence of spirit is freedom"，"Realize yourself by yourself，Do yourself "。Spiritual is not false，It is the first promoter。Last，Spirit pursuit of your own purpose，That is, the ultimate and comprehensive realization of freedom，"The history of the world is the development of the spirit in time"。A human society history，It's just a spiritual self -movement，That is the expansion process of human freedom from low to high，That is, only know that "one person is free"，To know that "some people are free"，The process of knowing that "the whole is freedom" was finally developed。This means that the purpose of spirit has its end point，"The last purpose of the whole world，We are all regarded as ‘spirit’ as the consciousness of his own freedom，In fact，It is also used as the kind of freedom "。The final realization of freedom is to achieve a complete unity of the main object，3090_3113，That is to achieve the reconciliation of rationality and reality "。In the world map of Hegel's philosophy，Everything in the world，Including mountains and rivers and rivers、Animal Plants、Human society、People’s spiritual activities, etc.，All are spiritual self -expand、Results of self -implementation。

What is this mysterious spirit? Hegel said: "The essence of the spirit bet365 live casino games -the nature of man -is freedom。"" This means，The spirit is actually just human nature，People who are concepts，or abstract people's ideological activities，Hegel calls it "Surprising God"。One of the basic features of Hegel's philosophy is the prestigious of the guests，that is, take the spirit or thought as the subject，as an ontology，and treat the real people and nature as a word，as an object，"Spirit is freedom"，This is obviously an upside -down，Because the spirit is human，Normal expression should be "a person with freedom"。Living people are abstracted to a wide extension here in Hegel、The concept of intangible material，Broad social life、The creative activity of the world has become a "spiritual self -movement"，This historical idealism "does not know the reality、Senior Activity itself "，Just regard the world and its history as only one recognition activity，Take the things of ideas as the main body of the world，Follow the people's screen outside history，This is Marx's resolute opposition: "The things of concepts are nothing more than the material that moves into the mind of people and transformed in human minds。"" Consciousness can only be a real existence at any time，and people's existence is their real life process。”

Historical materialism must abandon Hegel's "spirit"，But you can’t criticize Hiegel's childishness and vulgarization。Hegel does not deny the authenticity of the emotional world，He just thinks，The emotional world is too mixed，Substable changes，No endless，Truthful understanding must surpass the emotional world，Screen to remove emotional materials，Entering pure thoughts，Using thoughts, language、Concept、Judgment、Reasoning, etc. Thoughts，"Thoughts and Thoughts"。"The logic system is the kingdom of shadow，Is a simple and essential world，Get rid of all the emotional specificity。"Hegel passed the interpretation reasoning through concepts，described in obscure language，Still this human world，Standard is still the social ideal that we can empathize。He set off from the setting of "spirit is freedom"bet365 live casino games ，Rehears from "only one person is freedom" to the world history of the monarchy to "the whole is freedom"，This deduction is both true，Also good，It can be said that it has really achieved "unity of history and logic"。From ancient Greek philosophy to medieval realism，The source of idealism is long，Hegel pushed this idea to the extreme，Engels praised said，Leaving aside the mysterious form of Hegel's philosophy，"Go deep into the building，Then you will find countless treasures "。"He is not only a creative genius，and a encyclopedia full -book knowledgeable character。"Marx said," I publicly admit that I am the student of this big thinker。”

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Ferbaha is the pioneer of ideological pioneers that influence Marx in addition to Hegel，Only wait until I get rid of Ferbaha's "Half -Cross -Zizi Materialism"，that is, after "Outline of Ferbaha"，Marx becomes Marxist。

Ferbaha against Hegel's idealism，Profile concepts and thoughts are derived from perceptual objects，Thinking in the back，Thinking in the back。He said, "I am not an object from thought，Just opposite，Thoughts from the object; just，Objects here，Special refers to what exists outside the human brain。"This is the basic position of materialism。

But Ferbaha's materialism has two fatal defects，One，"Things" that Ferbaha is only is "the opposite object of thought"，It is intuitive, that is, pure objects that are completely unreasonable，If not like this，Ferbaha feels that his philosophy is not enough to separate from Hegel's "thought and thought"。But everything we can talk about，I have passed the imagination of people、Observation、Processing or transformation，All are already humane in a sense，There is no object that has nothing to do with people。Marx said，"Abstract understanding、为、It is determined to be separated from others，No "for others"。Absolutely opposed to the subjective and objectiveness will not help criticize Hegel，More helpless to understand the objective world。This is why Marx criticized Ferbaha，"Object、Reality、Sensory，Just understand from the object or intuitive form，instead of treating them as a perceptual person's activity，Understand as a practice，Not understood from the subject "。The Bet365 app download so -called object、Reality、Sensory，It's nothing more than our world。This world is human，It is human understanding and changing this world，Can't just regard this world as object，Can't take people's perspective、Emotional、Revolution of rationality and its various actions is excluded from this world，Instead of understanding from the practice of the subject。Ferbaha, although only "things"，But this "thing" is a deadly uninhabited thing，When he denys the "heart" that Hegel is only，Whether to abandon Hegel's "moving aspect"。

Its two，"Things" that Ferbaha is only is dead、Nothing to be involved in the practice of people，Then it can only be a non -historical。From the intuitive perspective of Ferbaha，The Danube River is the fact that he sees it、As it looks like，How do people transform and use this river for thousands of years，and in the future, people will continue to transform and use this river，Not in his intuitive vision。Marx Criticism，Ferbaha "I didn't see it，The emotional world around him is by no means a direct existence in the world、The consistent thing，but the product of industrial and social conditions，is the product of history，The result of the activity of generations "。Materialism without historical materialism is destined to be incomplete，Ferbaha himself said, "Time to retreat，I am consistent with the materialist，I am consistent with the materialist。"He is only a materialist when admitting the objectivity of nature，Once entering the field of social history，He thinks that materialism is just "the expression of humble Jews"，Because he does not understand the revolutionary meaning of practice。"When Ferbaha is a materialist，History is outside his vision; when he discusses history，He is not a materialist。with him，Materialism and history are completely separated from each other。"So，Ferbaha is still not the "material" of historical materialism。

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The "object" of historical materialism only abandoned the mental body of Hegel idealism，Also abandoned the perceptual intuition of Ferbaha materialism，bet365 best casino games But at the same time, it also inherited Ferbaha's material first sex、Hegel's main ability to move，The director of the two，Abandoned the two for the two，Marx calls this "object" as "emotional person's activity"，or "objective activity"，that is, the "practice" of the unified master and object。Marx's practice has three features。

Practice is material。First，Practice in the material world，Object of practice、The tools are all material;，The main body of practice is also "material"，instead of spiritual、Thought、Concept; finally，Results of practical output substances，and change the world of material and the "material" person。"The transformation of history to world history，Not ‘self -consciousness’、The spirit of the world or a certain pure abstraction action of a certain metaphysical ghost，but completely material、Action that can be proved by experience "。

Practice is the unity of the main and object。People are the main body of practice，People transform the world，People are in the world again，People themselves are part of the world。Practice is practice in the world，The world is always the world in practice，Human transformation of the world and transforming itself are unified，Both of them are integrated，Water and milk blend，The separation of the main object is not what Marx said。

Practice is historical。Life is endless generations，Every generation pursues its own happy life，All will engage in specific historical practice。Writing Marx，"Every stage of history encounters a certain amount of material results、Summary of productivity，A relationship between people and nature and people in history，All encountered a large number of productive forces passed on to the latter generation in the previous generation、funds and environment，Although these productive forces are on the one hand、Fund and the environment are changed by the new generation，but on the other hand，They also pre -stipulate the living conditions of the new generation，Make it develop and have a special nature "。Hegel is an important aspect that Hegel is respected bet365 best casino games by Marx，It is his "huge historical sense"，This is exactly the lack of Fernbaha -shaped materialism。

To sum up，Historical materialism is such a ideological proposition，It emphasizes the absolute priority of material strength in the social and historical movement，"The production method of material life restricts the entire social life、The process of political life and spiritual life "。This material power is the "material" only in historical materialism，is material and spirit、Existence and thinking、The unity of people and the world through practice。

　 (Author is a doctoral student at the School of Marxist College of Zhejiang Normal University; Professor of Marxist College of Zhejiang Normal University)