With the revival of Spearza in the radical theory, and the successful appearance of the Hess's original literature，Since the 1960s，The international academic community has set off a research boom of Popher's thought，In this context，The relationship between Hesh's thoughts and Marx's thought has received widespread attention。McLelen、Berlin、Guangsong invitations and Krakovsky and others particularly emphasized the key influence of Hers on Marx，Even one of the founders of Hess as the founder of the historical materialism。As far as the formation of young Marx Communist thought is concerned，Hes' exploration of communism and the radicals it represented by it undoubtedly have an important impact on Marx。Engels calls Herms "the earliest communist"，Kor Niu commented on Hes: "He is the first person to combine Hegel's philosophy and French socialism in the philosophy of action，And not just faintly combined like Cheshcosky，Instead, it is completely clearly combined。"Although there is a significant effect，But this does not mean that Marx imitates or copies the theory of communism in Hers。In fact，There is a decisive difference between their communist theory。Marx referred to Hesh's communism as "non -historical abstraction"，and think that it is full of moral enthusiasm。Contrary to it，Marx's communist thinking reflects historic adherence，Follow the basic logic of "Finding New World in the Old World"。

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From the theoretical path of constructing communism，Marx is to criticize the philosophy of Hegelfa to communism，Hers is always thinking about communism from the basic framework of historical philosophy。In "Hegel French Philosophy Critical"，Marx refers to the basic problem of the modern world grasped by Hegel: the separation of the civil society and the political country。Hegel tries to reconcile with speculation、Construction in the way to overcome this separation。From Marx'bet365 best casino games s view，The soul of this method of solving problems is provided by speculative idealism，In the end, it is inevitable to fall into mysteriousism。Due to dissatisfaction with Hegel's solution，Only the series of theoretical construction of Marx。Whether it is radical democracy、Human liberation or communism，All have the significance of overcoming the separation of the public's society from the state，or，Fundamental solution to this issue。The positive result of criticism of Hegelfa's philosophy is，Marx realizes this，The form of the country、The relationship between the law is rooted in the public society，Therefore, it has confirmed the priority status of citizens' society relative to the country。This means，The separation of the civic society and the country should be mainly focused on abandoning the public society。

After writing "Hegel French Critical Criticism"，Two works of Marx during the "Yearbook of Germany and France"，All reflect the requirements of abandoning and overcoming the civic society。"On Jewish Problems" distinguishes political liberation and human liberation，Human Liberation has no doubt the meaning of liberation from the narrowness of self -ism in the civil society。"Introduction to the Critical Critical Criticism of Hegel French", the problem of revolutionary subjects and their reality pointing for abandoning the citizens' society: "The proletariat requires denial of private property，It is just reflected as the result of society on it，That is the principle of promoting things on the proletariat to society。"" In other words，Revolution of the proletariat pointed to the abolition of private property，This kind of abolition will inevitably mean transcendence to civic society。In short，After changing the ideological transformation from religious criticism to political criticism to political economics criticism，Only Marx has criticized the private property centered on alienation labor in "The Manuscript of Economics of Economics in 1844"，and use the positive abandonment of private property to reconstruct communism。

Different from Marx，Hers is mainly grasping communism in the framework of historical philosophy。As early as bet365 Play online games "Human History of Human"，Hers is free、Peace and equal concept depicts future communism，But the communism here itself is just a manifestation of God，Therefore, it is part of the "Holy History" with religious meaning。Start from such historical philosophy，Hers in "The Philosophy of Action" has built the principle of self -action with the help of Fichte's framework，thus laid the basis for the philosophy for communism。This period，Hers mainly inspects religious alienation and political alienation。People in modern society split，Separation of individuals and classes produced。From this，Class becomes external forces and dominates human beings。The class here is Christian in the spiritual world，It is manifested as a monarchy in the real world。In other words，The common essence of religious alienation and political alienation lies in the separation of individuals and classes。During the "On the Essentials of Currency"，Hers mainly explains the necessity of moving to communism from the perspective of critical criticism of modern civil society。Under the inspiration of Ferbaha，Herz uses alienation theory on the critical critical theory，Currency is considered to replace God's position: "Money in the practical life of the upside down world，God in the theoretical life: This is the power of people's alienation，It is a human being sold。"On the other hand, it also emphasizes that communist society is a community of ethics of love。Currency symbolizes that people split each other、Society that is hostile to each other，Society such a society must be based on love -based future society。

　　What is communism? 

In the grasp of the connotation and nature of communism，Marx and Hes have both the same place，There are also significant differences。On the one hand，Marx and Hels criticize political criticism、Communism as the direction of the liberation of the Germans，and all regard communism as the realization of German philosophy。On the other hand，They are also abandoning and alienating、Overcoming the separation of individuals and classes to position communism。Marx wrote in the "On the Jewish Problem"Bet365 lotto review : "Only the individual who is a reality is also an abstract citizen，as an individual ... When becoming a class existence，Only when people realize their original power and compose this power as a social force, so that social forces will no longer be separated from themselves。Only at that time，Human liberation can only be completed。"It is not difficult to find，Marx here is also discussed in the sense of unity of class and individuals，This is the same as the discussion of communism in the philosophy of Hess in "Philosophy of Action"。The Political Revolution in France broke the absolute monarchy，Replaced by the country of rule of law。The German spiritual revolution broke the old religion，Instead of new religion、Reasonable religion。From Hess's view，Neither of the two transforms external constraints into self -restraint。Only Babev's communism establishes a unified individual and class in real life，Only Ficht's atheism has established the self -discipline of human subjects in the spiritual field。but，Betov's communism or Ficht's atheism has its own limitations。Hess thinks，Real communism should unify the two，Combining communism negative as private property and communism as a free activity。

Although Marx and Hers have discussed the problem of economic alienation，and use abandoned alienation to position communism，But there is a significant difference in the alienation of the alienation of Marx and Hesh。On the one hand，The alienation analyzed by Hess is developed in the field of circulation，The currency of the key concept of critical critical critical society of Hess is the sign of the small businessman world。Marx is to talk about the alienation of labor within the scope of the capitalist production method。On the other hand，Herus analyzed alienation，In essence,，It is still the continuation of the critical critical theory of Hegel civic。Marx thinks，The root of the self -alienation (alienation labor) of a person lies in the existence of another person，This person refers to capitalists。"Let's take a look now，How to explain and express alienation in reality、External labor concept。"When Marx says this，It bet365 Play online games means that the analysis of alienation from general concept analysis to the analysis of reality。"Not God is not a nature，Only when people themselves can become the power of the rulers themselves。"The reason why Marx has to promote the interpretation of alienation to the level of the relationship between people，The fundamental purpose is to transition to the relationship between labor and capital。It is this relationship that reveals the essence of alienation from a practical perspective。Marx repeatedly emphasized: "People have only through his relationship with his relationship，Only becomes an objective for him、Reality relationship "，Never target。The differences in the understanding of economic alienation in the social field of the public，Reflects their differences and grasping degrees of emphasis on classical political economy。The essence of it，The so -called economic alienation thought of Hess is not the result of economic research in the strict sense，It is just a kind of philosophical transformation of Hegel -Ferbaha -style of French socialist thought。

　　The political practical effect of the theory of communism 

There is a difference in the understanding of the philosophical position and the connotation of communist connotation because Marx and Hess，As a result, the two of them parted ways in political practice。Through criticism and absorbing Hegel's dialectics，Marx emphasizes "the self -alienation is abandoned with self -alienation is a road"，and finally the conscious construction of the historical view of materialism。Hes is always full of separation、Alienation reality is in the binary opposition of the ideal state of communism，Place of Marx's beyond Hegel，Hes still still in Hegel's speculative idealism。Hers's fundamental defects in the philosophical position，determines that he cannot take a revolutionary road that changes the existing world through practical practice。In this sense，What Marise said when criticizing Powell's speculative idealism also applied to Hes: "When I just abandoned the world's thoughts，That is the world as the category、When the existence of the point of view，That is to say，When I changed bet365 live casino games my own subjective consciousness, I did not change the objective reality in a true objective way，When I did not change my own objective reality and the objective reality of others，This world still continues to exist like the past。”

Hers thinks，Communism is "the realization of the practice of ethics of philosophy"，It is achieved through "the struggle of the principle of consciousness"。That is to say，If humans can realize their true nature，Society that can be compatible with people's essence。This indicates，Hers did not understand the development of productivity as the condition for abolishing interpersonal relationships that make currency。According to McClelan's statement，Hers tried to adopt some aspects of the Marx system from 1846-1847，But in the end, he still returned to the so -called "real socialism" founded by him。This "real socialism" or communism is the core of Ferbaha's "class" concept，and resolutely reject the use of force and severe class struggle theory。From Hess's view，Communism is legitimate，It is proven by moral concepts，or，It is because it is correct and justice，instead of because it is inevitable。Specifically，Hers expects to adopt a gradual social reform method to realize communism。This means，First of all, you should wake up the public，Secondly, measures such as property tax and inheritance rights should be taken，Create conditions for universal social education and human free activities。In the book "Communist Creed Questions and Answers"，Hes wrote: "After taking the above measures,，The last trace of the current ownership relationship should be erased from the society，Use the time of one generation。On the contrary，The method of using violence and sudden attacks to abolish the current ownership relationship，It is necessary to cause adverse consequences。”

Generally speaking，In the process of forming communist thoughts in the youth Marx，Hers has undoubtedly played an important role。Research by the people and others of Korn and Guangsong strongly broke the history of the history of the ideological development of the dogmatic ideas for a long time.。but，Do not go to another extreme，bet365 live casino games Excessive influence of the "overwhelming" influence of Herushus on Marx。Place where Marx has decisive beyond Hess，Guangsong still regards Marx as a standing position。This indicates，Guangsong involved in His 'essence of His' "communication and common activity" and the essence of the person identified by Marx's recognition in terms of reality is the principle of "all social relations". difference，and the historic principles still contained in Marx's point of view are still with the abstract non -historical confusion of Hess。In fact，It is due to the lack of the basic dimension of historicity，Hers's communist theory can only finally point to a gradual reform in reality，This kind of reform is concerned about the basic structure of its cannot touch capitalism，It means that the so -called "communism" will always stay in "abstract should"。

　　(Author is an associate professor at the School of Humanities of Shanghai University of Finance and Economics)