The Communist Declaration is the first time to comprehensively elaborate the principles of scientific socialism，Is a well -content theoretical treasure house，worthy of our repeated learning、In -depth research，constantly draw ideological nutrition from it。During the spread of the Communist Declaration，Marx Engels left seven prefaces。Writing time of these seven prefaces、audience、Question consciousness is different，But they all reflect Marx Engels in practice、Innovation Marxist theory，General Principles of Marxism、Basic principles are the same as historical conditions、The great exploration of specific actual combination。

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Unique value of seven prefaces 

In a direct sense，The Communist Declaration is a program drafted by Marx and Engels for the Communist Alliance，Publicly published in London, England on the eve of the revolutionary outbreak of 1848。Before the "Communist Declaration" came out，Engels also wrote the "Draft Communist Creed Creed" during the first congress of the Communist League，and write the "Communist Principles" for the Second Congress of the Preparation of the Communist Union。Based on these two files，Marx Engels collaborated on the "Communist Declaration"。The text of the Declaration of the Communist Party consists of four parts of the theory and practice closely: one、Assets and proletarians; 2、proletarian and Communists; 3、The literature of socialism and communism; 4、The attitude of the Communists to various opposition parties。

In this book，Marx Engels deeply elaborated the scientific world view of Marxism，Deeply explained the advanced character of Marxist party，profoundly explained the political position of Marxist party，Deeply explained the lofty ideals of Marxist parties，Deeply explained the Revolutionary Program of Marxism，Deeply explained the internationalist spirit of Marxist parties。"Communist Declaration" once came out，Just promoted the development of world socialism in practice，Deeply changed the process of human history。Engels once called the Communist Manifesto as "the most widely spread in all socialist bet365 live casino games literature，It is a common program recognized by millions of workers from Siberia to California "。

Starting from the Declaration of the Communist Party，until the death of Engels，Marx Engels wrote seven prefaces for the reprint "Communist Declaration"。These seven prefaces are not only a further explanation of the thought of the Communist Declaration，Based on the historical development of the time and the specific reality of various countries，Repeat the theory of scientific socialism，With unique theoretical value。The methodory kernel running through it，In the words of Marx and Engels: "The general principle explained in the Declaration is completely correct until now"，But "The actual use of these principles，As mentioned in the Declaration，Taking the historical conditions of the time as a transfer at any time "。Looking back on the content of these seven prefaces，Combining general principles with specific actual situation，Innovation of the theory of Marxist theory in practice，Concentrated reflection in the analysis of the terminology of communism and socialism、Exploration of the Development of Oriental Social Social Development、Three aspects of the internal relationship between the union of the proletariat。

　　Communism or socialism 

In the history of the Communication of the Communist Declaration，This immortal work has also used another title，This is the "Communist Declaration"。Actually，Since the 1870s，In the process of reprinting the "Communist Declaration", most of them were titled with the title of "Declaration of Communist Declaration"。Considering that today we regard the publishing of the Communist Manifesto as a sign for scientific socialism，So，The key issues are not the difference between the "Communist Declaration" and the "Communist Declaration"，How to understand the relationship between socialism and communism。For this，Engels gave a special explanation in "1888 English Edition Propago" and "1890 German Edition Preface"。He said，"When we write this" Declaration "，We cannot call it a socialist declaration "。This is because "in 1847，Socialism is the movement of the bourgeoisie，and communism is the movement of the working class "。"Since we have determined that the liberation of the working class from the beginning, the liberation of the working class should be the work of the worker class'，So，Which one should we choose among these two names，It is undoubted。And later we never thought that we would abandon this name "。

Back to the formation bet365 live casino games of Marxism for formation，Engels’s description is very clear。In 1847, when the Declaration of the Communist Party was written，"Socialist" is mainly a socialist represented by the Irving and Fourier faction，and the "Dynamic Social Amazing Doctor" represented by Pulu Dong and the real socialist，"Socialism is the movement of the bourgeoisie"。Although，At that time, there were still rough communism such as Kabe and Weitlin in the movement of the working class，But communism is the movement of the working class。So，Marx Engels chooses the "Communist Declaration" and the "Communist Declaration" as a title.。The proof of proof is，Although Marx is preparing for the "Yearbook of Germany and France"，and writing "The Manuscript of Economics in 1844"，also criticized the communism of the dogma at the time、Rough communism，But after going towards the historical view of materialism，Marx Engels has clearly selected the name "Communism"，and through the organization of the "Communist Communication Committee" to practice this big ideal。

At the same time，We should also notice that the reason why Engels specifically explained the name of the book at the end of the 19th century，It is also related to the historical conditions of the social development at the time and the specific actual direct correlation of the workers' movement。After all, in Western Europe at that time，Especially Britain、Germany and France，With the development of capitalist production methods and adjustment of bourgeois rule，The trend of socialist thought of the small bourgeoisie of the small bourgeoisie has a impact in the working class，even constitutes a challenge to Marxism。Representatives in these "socialist thoughts" with industrial associations、Fei Bian Socialism、Lhasarism、Pulu Eastism、Bayuningism, etc.。Combined with Marx's discussion about the first stage of communism in the "Critical Criticism" of the Go Da，and Engels's defense of scientific socialism in "Socialism from the Development of Science"，It can be seen: Marx Engels chose the title of "Communist Declaration"，Itself also contains the wrong trend of misunderstanding in the practice of European socialist practice at that time，The meaning of the direction of the worker movement。In this sense，Analysis of the names of communism and socialism，Not only a description of historical facts，also contains specific social historical conditions，Defense、Use、The theoretical purpose of the general bet365 live casino games principle of development。This is also the inner unity of the inner unity of the common ideal of socialism with Chinese characteristics and the great ideal of communism today.，It laid an important methodology basis。

　Cross the "Kavin Gorge" 

February 1881，Russian female revolutionary Chasulic once wrote to Marx，Ask the Russian rural commune question。One problem that the Russian revolutionaries were generally concerned at that time: starting from the view of Marx's "Capital"，Russian rural communes are "able to develop in the direction of socialism"，Or is it "destined to perish"? On March 8, the same year，Marx's recovery and draft of Chasulic，Mentioned the "Kavin Gorge" problem that spans the capitalist system。Say in the three drafts of the recovery of Sulic in Zhaolica，As far as possible development of the Russian commune，"Its situation is very special，There is no precedent in history。Throughout Europe，Only it is an organizational form that is dominant in rural life in the imperial empire。Land public ownership gives it a natural basis for collective possession，and its historical environment (capitalist production and its existence at the same time) give it the ready -made material conditions for cooperating labor organized by large -scale organization。So，It can not pass the Cavadine Gorge of the capitalist system，All the affirmative results achieved by the capitalist system "。

In "1882 Russian Edition Preface"，Marx Engels made an open response to this issue。Say in their words，Is the Russian Commune "a form of public possession that can directly transition to high -level communism?"? Or is "the process of disintegration experience experienced by Western historical development first"?，The only possible answer is: if the Russian revolution will become a signal of the Western proletarian revolution and the two parties complement each other，So today's Russian land public ownership can become the starting point of the development of communism。"This means: For Russian land issues and rural commune issues, this Chasulic seems to be" the problem of life and death "，Marx Engels emphasizes the particularity of its historical environment，and this very special situation of the possible development of its possible development; on the other hand, based on the expansion of division of labor exchanges、Scientific judgment formed by world history，Point out the actual conditions of Russian land public Bet365 lotto review production as the starting point of the development of communism，is the signal of the Russian Revolution as the Western proletarian revolution，and the Russian Revolution and the Western proletarian revolution complement each other。

Marx Engels clearly pointed out: The task of the Communist Declaration is，"Declaiming that the ownership of the modern bourgeoisie will inevitably perish"。Although Marx's development of the social and economic form of Western Europe is the main point of focus，I once distinguished the tribe in "German Ideology"、Classical ancient、The four types of ownership of the feudal and modern bourgeoisie，I have distinguished the Asia of Asia in "Political Economics Criticism" and "Preface"、Ancient、Four economic evolutionary stages of the four economic social form evolution of feudal and modern bourgeoisie。But Marx Engels did not simply apply it to the explanation of all social and historical development process。Marx's answer to the Russian rural commune question，Judgment of "Capital Capita Canyon"，Not only adheres to the position and principles of the historical view of materialism，Emphasize the objectivity of social and historical development，But at the same time, based on the particularity of Russian social development，Give specific analysis of the road of the Russian revolution。This analysis can be regarded as the general principle of the general principles of the historical view of materialism with the development of modern capitalism for Marx Engels、Combination of specific historical conditions of Russian rural communes，The great exploration of the influence of the theoretical interpretation and practice of Marxist theory。

　Union in the world in the world 

At the first congress of the Communist Union，"The world's proletarians，Union! "This slogan is officially proposed。The Declaration of the Communist Party has also mentioned that there is a feature in the bourgeois era，"The entire society is increasingly divided into two opposition camps，Separation is two direct -opposing classes: bourgeoisie and proletariat "。So，How should Marxists treat nation and national issues? How should the proletariat look at the issue of national independence in the process of pursuing people's liberation and social revolution?、During the acceptance process of the Declaration of the Communist Party，This is destined to be a focus problem。Actually，In the judgment of the future development of the Russian commune in Marx,，Answer to this question。Bet365 lotto review More vivid answer，It was given in the preface of "Polish Edition in 1892" and "Edition of the Italian Edition of 1893"。

Facing Polish readers，Engels wrote: "The first thing that is worth noting is，Recently, "Declaration" has become a scale for measuring the development of the large industry in continental Europe to some extent。The big industry of a certain country is more developed，Workers in the country want to figure out their desire to figure out as a working class in front of the output class.，The socialist movement among workers will expand the more，The more the demand for the Declaration will increase。"" A independent and strong Poland's rejuven。The sincere international cooperation of various European ethnic groups，Only when each nation is completely the master of the home, it can be achieved。"Facing Italian readers，Engels further emphasized: "Do not restore the independence and unity of each nation，Then it is impossible to have international union of the proletariat，It is impossible to have a harmonious and conscious cooperation that must be implemented in order to achieve common purposes。”

That is to say，Marx Engels has never set up a stiff "law" and absolute "road" for the development of human society history，Instead of standing in productivity development，Especially the development of large industrial development，Emphasize the proletarian as the status and historical subject status as the "self -digger" of the bourgeois system。Then，Standing on this theoretical highland，Marx Engels is the independence and revival of each nation，sincere international cooperation between nations、International Union of the proletariat，Lift the flag orientation、Planning Plan。In these analysis，The lofty revolutionary goal of "united in the world"，Industrial development with various countries、Modernization、Socialist Movement Expand，Inner organic combination。This means，The actual use of the general principle of Marxism，"Moisture with the historical conditions at that time anytime, anywhere", the requirement contains the concern of the specific practical and historical traditions of various ethnic groups。In this sense，content in these preface，The English version of "The British Workers' Class preserved the best quality of the British nationality in the English version of" Socialism from the Development of Science "in English version of" Socialism bet365 Play online games is the best quality of the British "and，Write "The End of the End of Lutwig Ferbaha and the End of the German Classical Philosophy" made a judgment of "German Workers' Movement is the heirs of German classical philosophy"，Jointly reflects the principle of classic theorists who general Marxism in general，The historical conditions of the same era are combined，Combination with the specific actual and national traditions of various countries，Use actual use and then innovate and develop a model。

　　(The author is a doctoral student at the Department of Philosophy of Nanjing University)