1930s，Keynes once predicted，With the rapid progress of science and technology，By the 21st century，The economic level of residents will reach a very wealthy level，So much so that people can shorten their working hours to 15 hours per week。Similar results seem to be derived from Marx’s bet365 Play online games theory of value，With the improvement of bet365 Play online games productivity in the whole society driven by social development，People’s socially necessary bet365 Play online games time will gradually drop to the minimum，This makes it possible for everyone to fully enjoy free time。This depicts a beautiful vision of human freedom and liberation brought about by scientific and technological progress and the improvement of bet365 Play online games productivity，Some scholars also further pointed out on this basis，As more and more areas of production can be automated、Intelligent、Unmanned，The rapid development of digital technology and artificial intelligence will gradually make it possible to greatly enrich material wealth、Assigned on demand、Communism and the all-round development of human beings are finally realized。

　　bet365 Play online games Theory of Value in the Digital Era

However，We will find out when we face the social reality we live in today，Although compared to the era in which Marx lived，Compared to the era in which Keynes lived，We have indeed achieved great progress in technological level and great improvement in bet365 Play online games productivity today，But whether in developed or developing countries，The beautiful vision of working only 15 hours a week has not been realized。In many cases，What we experience is often the opposite，That is, although bet365 Play online games productivity has been greatly improved，Today people can produce the same or even better products than in the past with less socially necessary bet365 Play online games time，But the free time people enjoy has not been substantially increased，Even in some cases，People’s working hours have been further extended，A lot of tedious、Meaningless work fills people’s lives。In the book "Meaningless Work"，Author David Graeber uses the term “pointless jobs” or “bullshit jobs” to refer to the large amounts of time that take up people’s time，A form of work that seems to have no value to individuals or society。Meanwhile，Digital Technology、The use of new technologies such as the Internet and artificial intelligence does not seem to give people more free time，On the contrary, it has become the hardest hit area of ​​“meaningless work”；Many people no longer need to be like those shown in Chaplin's movies，Being drained of time and energy by the assembly lines of large mechanized factories，But in the gradual rise of various immaterial bet365 Play online games，Continue to consume your own time and energy on the new assembly line built on the digital platform。In general，The increase in bet365 Play online games productivity does not seem to translate into an increase in people’s free time。

Based on the above practical issues，Many contemporary scholars have put forward the theoretical view that Marx’s bet365 Play online games theory of value has expired。This view is that，Marx lived in an era when mechanized mass production and industrial capital dominated society，The bet365 Play online games theory of value mainly corresponds to material bet365 Play online games，And can only be used to describe the relevant characteristics of material bet365 Play online games and manual bet365 Play online games，And cannot be used to analyze immaterial bet365 Play online games and mental bet365 Play online games。Accordingly，Some scholars further proposed that the bet365 Play online games theory of value should be completely abandoned，The bet365 Play online games theory of value should be replaced by new perspectives such as the knowledge theory of value，Or only by modernizing the bet365 Play online games theory of value can we adapt to the new characteristics of modern society。In fact，This raises two theoretical questions for us that need to be answered urgently: First，Whether Marx’s bet365 Play online games theory of value has expired，Whether it can be used to analyze immaterial bet365 Play online games？Part 2，If the bet365 Play online games theory of value can also be used to analyze immaterial bet365 Play online games，So can it explain the problem that the increase in bet365 Play online games productivity has not been transformed into an increase in people’s free time？

　　Analysis of immaterial bet365 Play online games

Regarding the question of whether the bet365 Play online games theory of value can be used to analyze immaterial bet365 Play online games，The first thing that needs to be clarified is，When different scholars use mental work and physical work、When criticizing Marx’s bet365 Play online games theory of value as a viewpoint that only cares about material bet365 Play online games from the viewpoint that material bet365 Play online games and immaterial bet365 Play online games have different characteristics，In fact, the difference between concrete forms of bet365 Play online games and bet365 Play online games as a concept in a philosophical sense is ignored。Marx pointed out，The analysis of economic forms requires the use of "abstract power"，When Marx attributed the source of value to undifferentiated general human bet365 Play online games，When it is believed that the value of commodities is determined by socially necessary bet365 Play online games time，The human bet365 Play online games mentioned here is not the sum of various specific labors with different manifestations、Some kind of direct bet365 Play online games obtained by simple averaging，It is a general abstract bet365 Play online games concept that is grasped by abstract power and passed through social mediation，The various characteristics of specific bet365 Play online games have been removed。Socially necessary bet365 Play online games time is also the social average necessary bet365 Play online games time formed based on the general abstract bet365 Play online games concept，Rather than using some iconic specific form of bet365 Play online games as a general representation of socially necessary bet365 Play online games time。So，When Marx formed the theoretical abstraction of undifferentiated human bet365 Play online games through critical reflection on the capitalist mode of production，The key connotation does not lie in the fact that bet365 Play online games will eventually be condensed into some kind of material product，But the entity of value is abstract bet365 Play online games，The logic that value is determined by abstract bet365 Play online games time。Therefore, the concepts of abstract bet365 Play online games and socially necessary bet365 Play online games time are themselves based on physical bet365 Play online games and mental bet365 Play online games、Theoretical abstraction based on all concrete bet365 Play online games such as material bet365 Play online games and immaterial bet365 Play online games，It is not the product of pure material bet365 Play online games thinking，It does not exclude various forms of non-material bet365 Play online games。

Marx’s bet365 Play online games theory of value and surplus value theory are not in the sense of intellectual thinking and empirical science、Empirical theory with computability，But a kind of unity of truth and value、A “scientific” theory in a philosophical sense。When scholars represented by Raymond Aron criticized Marx’s bet365 Play online games theory of value and surplus value theory for lacking accuracy and measurability，It just ignores that Marx’s bet365 Play online games theory of value is not to study how to calculate the amount of profit and surplus value，But to explain the essence of the capitalist mode of production and the way of human existence under capitalist social conditions，Thus revealing the logic of capital proliferation and the logic of human liberation。So，When some scholars emphasize the relationship between mental bet365 Play online games and physical bet365 Play online games、There are different characteristics between the production of material products and the production of knowledge products，It is difficult for us to calculate the socially necessary bet365 Play online games time required for the production of mental work and knowledge products in the same way as physical bet365 Play online games，It is also difficult to choose the same weights and measures for physical bet365 Play online games and mental bet365 Play online games to average them，These views actually misunderstand the true connotation of Marx’s bet365 Play online games theory of value。If the bet365 Play online games theory of value is required based on calculability，So even if it is aimed at material bet365 Play online games，The differences in characteristics between different types of work and the huge differences in workers’ abilities and proficiency will also make it difficult to accurately calculate the specific amounts of socially necessary bet365 Play online games time and surplus value。And if we look at it based on whether it can reveal the essential logic of capitalist society，So whether it is material bet365 Play online games or immaterial bet365 Play online games，Under the conditions of the capitalist mode of production，Capital takes advantage of people’s bet365 Play online games time for free，Thus exploiting people’s surplus value，This is all within the scope of analysis of the bet365 Play online games theory of value。

Although in the era when Marx lived，Immaterial bet365 Play online games has not yet been driven by new technologies such as digital technology and artificial intelligence，Acquire such rich and diverse expressions as today，But actually in "History of Surplus Value Doctrine"，Marx already mentioned the problem of bet365 Play online games production in the non-material realm。Teacher、Doctor、The bet365 Play online games of actors and other professions not only has immaterial characteristics，Even in many cases the fruits of their bet365 Play online games will not be carried on some specific material carrier。But in Marx’s view，As long as it is under the conditions of the capitalist mode of production，These labors can be reasonably absorbed into the concept of abstract bet365 Play online games。"At school，Teacher to school owner，Can be a pure wage laborer，There are many such education factories in the UK。Although these teachers are not production workers to the students，But to the bosses who hire them, they are production workers。The boss exchanges his capital for the teacher’s bet365 Play online games ability，Make yourself rich through this process。Theatre、Owners of entertainment venues and other places also use this method to make money。Here，Actor to the audience，is an artist，But for your own business owners，Is a production worker。”

Precisely because Marx’s bet365 Play online games theory of value is not a calculable theory in the sense of intellectual thinking and empirical science，The general human bet365 Play online games used therein、Concepts such as socially necessary bet365 Play online games time are philosophical concepts formed based on the use of abstract power，Marx’s own discussion in “The History of Surplus Value Theory” does not exclude immaterial bet365 Play online games，But both material bet365 Play online games and immaterial bet365 Play online games are equally abstracted as general human bet365 Play online games，So from the perspective of results，The bet365 Play online games theory of value is not a theory limited to material bet365 Play online games，It can be used to analyze immaterial bet365 Play online games。

　　bet365 Play online games Productivity and Free Time

The bet365 Play online games theory of value can be used to analyze immaterial bet365 Play online games，The rise and widespread expansion of immaterial bet365 Play online games has not falsified Marx’s bet365 Play online games theory of value，On the contrary, it provides new analytical resources for the bet365 Play online games theory of value。In fact，Combining the bet365 Play online games theory of value with immaterial bet365 Play online games to analyze，It provides important theoretical inspiration for us to think about why the improvement of bet365 Play online games productivity has not been translated into an increase in people’s free time。

Starting from the analysis of the duality of commodity value and the duality of bet365 Play online games behind it，Marx gradually revealed the secret of the capitalist mode of production，Capitalists have found a special commodity called bet365 Play online games force，The consumption of bet365 Play online games itself can create new value，Thus by purchasing bet365 Play online games force、Dominate laborers to create new value and occupy the surplus bet365 Play online games value produced by their surplus bet365 Play online games time for free，Capital has found the source of power to achieve unlimited self-growth。So，As described by the metaphor of "vampire" used by Marx，Capital can only gain strong vitality on the basis of sucking living bet365 Play online games。Whether it is in the production process mediated by machines，Still in today’s production process that is mediated by digital platforms or artificial intelligence，What capital absorbs is human bet365 Play online games，It is workers’ unpaid bet365 Play online games time condensed into surplus value exploited by capital。“The surplus value generated by capital through the use of machinery，i.e. surplus bet365 Play online games，——Whether it is absolute surplus bet365 Play online games，Still relative surplus bet365 Play online games，It does not come from the bet365 Play online games ability replaced by machines，It comes from the bet365 Play online games capacity of machines。”

It is precisely because no matter how far science and technology develops，Capital always needs to achieve self-expansion by absorbing living bet365 Play online games，So we can see，Capital always seeks to expand the area that absorbs living bet365 Play online games，Thus occupying more bet365 Play online games time，Realize self-multiplication。With the continuous improvement of bet365 Play online games productivity，More and more areas of material production are gradually realizing automation，In some more extreme cases，With the application of artificial intelligence and robotics，Some areas of material production are even gradually realizing that the proportion of living bet365 Play online games is approaching zero。In this case，Capital needs to find full possession of human bet365 Play online games time、A new field that fully absorbs people’s living bet365 Play online games，The rise of immaterial bet365 Play online games provides precisely this new field that can continue to provide a large amount of living bet365 Play online games for capital。

On the one hand，Different from the field of material production, the creation of new forms of bet365 Play online games is limited by the laws of material production itself，In the field of immaterial bet365 Play online games，People can continue to create new forms of bet365 Play online games，As long as living bet365 Play online games can be reasonably absorbed，The purpose and meaning of the work itself is not important。So，We can see，In the book "Meaningless Work"，The author found that many original workflows began to become lengthy and bloated，More and more complex administrative work is filling up people’s working time，And there is often a misconception that these jobs exist primarily in the public sector，But in fact, there are also a lot of similar jobs in private companies pursuing profit，Some cases are even worse。On the other hand，Not only can capital easily create a series of new forms of bet365 Play online games in the field of immaterial bet365 Play online games，And with the widespread application of digital technology，More and more bet365 Play online games begins to have dematerialized characteristics。This blurs the line between bet365 Play online games activities and non-bet365 Play online games activities，Many original non-bet365 Play online games behaviors can be subtly transformed into bet365 Play online games behaviors with the help of digital platforms，The recent criticism that digital capital possesses the data produced by people in their Internet lives for free is a reflection of this logic。In fact，These are all related to the characteristics of capital using immaterial bet365 Play online games，Continue to extract people’s surplus bet365 Play online games time in the field of immaterial bet365 Play online games、Consistent with the logic of absorbing living bet365 Play online games。

So，As capital gradually turns its attention to the field of immaterial bet365 Play online games to absorb living bet365 Play online games，The time people have spared due to the reduction of socially necessary bet365 Play online games time in the field of material production caused by the increase in bet365 Play online games productivity，does not translate into people’s free time，But converted into bet365 Play online games time in the immaterial realm。This is consistent with the internal logic analyzed by Marx that capitalists try to counter the law of declining profit rates through foreign trade，Just this time，The living bet365 Play online games available for absorption comes not only from other countries，And mainly from a series of newly created immaterial forms of bet365 Play online games。Therefore，In general，The bet365 Play online games theory of value can not only be used to analyze immaterial bet365 Play online games，And by analyzing immaterial bet365 Play online games with the bet365 Play online games theory of value we can find，The reason why the increase in bet365 Play online games productivity has not translated into an increase in people’s free time，The reason why Keynes’s vision of a 15-hour work week did not come true，To a certain extent, it is related to the new form of capital expanding and absorbing living bet365 Play online games in the field of immaterial bet365 Play online games。

　　(The author is a researcher at the Collaborative Innovation Center for Civic Morality and Social Style of Jilin University)