The labor issue is one of the core issues of Marxist philosophy，The bet365 offers value is the key to understanding Marx’s critique of political economy。In recent years，With the form of capitalist industry、New changes in science, technology and labor process，Contemporary left-wing scholars have begun to emphasize the critical dimension of the bet365 offers value。Long time，Marxist scholars in my country pay more attention to the constructive dimension of the bet365 offers value，The critical dimension is not discussed enough。We tend to think，The bet365 offers value contains some of Marx’s ideas of “distributive justice”，It advocates that labor is the creator of value，The main drawback of capitalism is the free appropriation of the surplus value created by labor，The post-capitalist distribution system should be based on the fair distribution of value。But，The deterioration of labor conditions in contemporary capitalism has made left-wing scholars aware，In the capitalist mode of production，Not only the value created by labor has been unfairly distributed，Furthermore, "labor expressed as value" itself contains a certain degree of labor alienation。As Pu Shuton said: "This analysis of Marx's theory，Provides a basis for criticizing the unique forms of production and wealth (i.e. value) of capitalism...the characteristics of capitalism it outlines，is an abstract form of rule，It is related to the nature of labor unique to this society。”

In view of this，Rediscovering the critical dimension of the bet365 offers value in Capital，It is an era issue for contemporary Marxist scholars。This topic includes the following points。

　　The bet365 offers construction of categories

Historical materialism advocates that ideas are historical，Specific ideas are the historical products of specific social forms。Click here，The fundamental categories used by historical materialism itself，Such as general "bet365 offers", "value", etc.，Historical in itself；Only under this principle，Historical materialism can historically understand itself。For this，Marx pointed out in the "Economic Manuscripts 1857-1858" (hereinafter referred to as the "Glossary"): "Even the most abstract categories... are also the product of historical conditions"，And "the most general abstraction always arises in the richest concrete development situations"。

This principle also applies to general categories such as "value" and "bet365 offers"。About the "value" category，Marx pointed out in "Das Kapital": "Political economy has analyzed value and value quantity...revealing what these forms concealed。But it never even raises the question of why this content takes the form it does？Why bet365 offers appears as value，The amount of bet365 offers calculated in bet365 offers time is expressed as the value of the bet365 offers product？”Visible，The main difference between Marx and political economists is，Public economists accept the category of “value” uncritically，Only focus on value issues，But Marx wanted to ask "why bet365 offers appears as value" in turn，That is, based on what social and historical conditions is "value" possible。Likewise，About the general category of “bet365 offers”，Marx also pointed out in the introduction to the Grundrisse: "The same treatment of any kind of bet365 offers，Suitable for such a social form，In this form of society，Individuals can easily move from one kind of bet365 offers to another...the most modern form of existence in bourgeois society - the United States，This situation is the most developed。”In other words，The general category of "bet365 offers" seems to be the most common and ancient，In fact, it is a product of modern commodity exchange。Therefore，We can distinguish two different concepts of "bet365 offers": the first is the concept of bet365 offers used by Marx's early historical materialism，As a person’s perceptual object activity，Has general ontological significance；The second one is associated with "value" in "Das Kapital"、The concept of bet365 offers with the dimension of “abstract bet365 offers”，The object is capitalist wage bet365 offers，It is a historical concept unique to a specific social form。In summary，The general categories of "value" and "bet365 offers" are historical constructions of specific social forms，Especially the product of modern commodity economy，Therefore，“bet365 offers expressed as value” itself contains the embryonic forms of various alienation phenomena in modern society。

　　The Historicity of the bet365 offers Value

　Historical expression of categories such as “labor” and “value”，The "bet365 offers value" that links the two is also historical。The bet365 offers value is the scientific law that reveals how capitalism operates，But since its object is historical，So this law itself is also historical，Will disappear with the death of a specific social form。For this，Marx himself had a clear understanding。

In "Outline"，Marx pointed out the paradoxical results caused by the bet365 offers value under capitalist production relations。“Today’s wealth is based on stealing other people’s labor time，Compared with the newly developed foundation created by large industry itself，Looks too pitiful。”Although large-scale machine industry has created huge productivity，Contains the potential to liberate labor，But because capital still regards labor as the only measure of wealth，So not only is the labor of workers not reduced，On the contrary, it is more onerous。Not only does the machine not liberate labor，On the contrary, it has become a means of exploiting labor: "The emergence of the machine system，Not to make up for the shortage of labor force，In order to compress the existing large labor force to the necessary limit。”This shows，Labor as the only measure of wealth，It is a social representation constructed by capital for its own expansion，There is a sharp contradiction between it and the development of productive forces: "Capital wants to use labor time to measure the huge social power created in this way，And limit these forces within the limits required to preserve the value that has been created as value。”Visible，Marx set the bet365 offers value as the dominant principle in the critique of political economy，Of course it is to reveal the operating laws of capitalism，But it is also to put the contradiction between capitalist production relations and productivity at the center of the discussion。The sublation of capitalist production relations，It not only means that workers possess the value they create，It also means the sublation of the value form itself，That is, labor no longer serves as a measure of wealth: "Once labor in its direct form ceases to be a great source of wealth，Labor time is no longer，And it is definitely no longer the measure of wealth。”

It can be seen from this，The bet365 offers value is fundamentally historical，It serves as a representation of specific production relations，Eventually it will contradict the development of productive forces；The death of the law of value，This is the meaning of the title of Marx’s Critique of Capital。

　The bet365 offers nature of objects and the dialectical nature of methods

How to understand the theoretical status of the bet365 offers value，Involving how to grasp the narrative method and logical structure of "Das Kapital" as a whole。The common interpretation of "Das Kapital" is "linear logic"，It tends to understand "Das Kapital" as an "axiom system" in the sense of intellectual science，Starting from the basic principle of bet365 offers value，Deduced the complete capitalist economic system。According to this understanding，The bet365 offers value is only the premise，And other aspects of capitalism (such as surplus value、Labor process、Capital accumulation, etc.) is just a conclusion，The bet365 offers value becomes a critical benchmark that precedes capitalism。But，This interpretation is not in line with Marx’s original intention。The object of "Das Kapital" is the "organic totality" of capitalist society，The method is the dialectical method of "from abstract to concrete"，Both of these cannot be simply summarized by the interpretation of "linear logic"。

First，Capitalist society is an “organic totality”，Every link is both a condition and a result，Every link is conditioned by the coexistence of all other links。As Marx said: "In the completed bourgeois system，Every economic relationship presupposes another economic relationship with a bourgeois economic form，Thus every setting is also a premise。”Click here，The bet365 offers value is certainly the explanatory principle of this organic whole，But it is also the effect created by the continuous reproduction of this totality。The mechanism that makes "labor appear as value"，It is commodity circulation、Currency growth、A concentrated expression of the joint operation of multiple links such as capital accumulation。

Secondly，This organic totality cannot be grasped by the "linear logic" method，Because it is impossible to find an unpremised "first premise"。To grasp this organic whole，Only the dialectical method of “from abstract to concrete” can be used。This method starts from more abstract categories and scenarios，Contradiction through inference；Then，Revise the original abstract hypothesis，In order to abandon the contradiction，Thus forming an increasingly specific theoretical structure。About this dialectical method，Marx pointed out: “The method of rising from abstraction to concreteness，Just thinking is used to grasp the concrete、Think of it as a concrete way of spiritual representation。But it is by no means the production process of the specific itself。”This shows，The inference process of "Das Kapital" is not the real historical development process，It is Marx’s “realistic and concrete” process of “reproducing” capitalism，All its links coexist with each other in the organic totality of capitalism、Mutually conditional。Accordingly，"Das Kapital" does not regard the bet365 offers value as a prior theoretical principle，Instead, it is included as a link within the totality of capitalism。Furthermore，"Subject，Society，It must always appear in front of the surface as a premise”。In other words，The specific "subject" of capitalist society，It is the premise for the establishment of abstract propositions such as the "bet365 offers value"；The process of inferring from the bet365 offers value to the totality of capitalism，Of course it is a process of “from premise to result”，But it is also a process of “from result to premise”，What it reveals is the condition for the bet365 offers value itself to be established。Once this dialectical method is properly understood，Then the bet365 offers value no longer appears as a product of pre-capitalist "simple commodity production"，Rather, it appears as an abstract aspect of capitalism itself，Together with other aspects of capitalism, they constitute the object of critical examination in "Das Kapital"。

　　bet365 offers ValueDialectical relationship with the theory of surplus bet365 offers

The importance of understanding the dialectical method of "Das Kapital"，Mainly reflected in the relationship between the bet365 offers value and the theory of surplus value。Generally believed，The bet365 offers value is the premise of the theory of surplus value in the sense of "linear logic": based on the bet365 offers value，Only labor, a special commodity, can create more value；Therefore，Capital can only purchase labor force、Exploiting its surplus value，In order to achieve proliferation。But，This interpretation also ignores the dialectical nature of the method of Capital。

As mentioned above，"Das Kapital" starts from abstract categories such as "commodity", "value" and "bet365 offers"，Basing these categories on the more specific capitalist society as a whole。First，Marx decomposed the category of "commodity" into two factors: "use value" and "value"，Again through value form analysis，Proved that the universal expression of commodity value cannot be through other forms of value，Only by monetary form of value，That is, the value itself obtains an independent material entity。This shows that the condition for the expression of commodity value is currency circulation。Secondly，Universal currency circulation contains two formulas，That is, the W-G-W formula from the forward perspective and the G-W-G formula from the reverse perspective，The second formula requires currency growth (G-W-G’)，That is, currency circulation becomes capital circulation。This also shows that the condition for universal currency circulation is capital expansion。Finally，Marx also proved that the condition for capital growth is surplus value。The above argumentation process shows that value is based on money and capital，And then establish a logical chain based on surplus value，That is, value and surplus value are closely linked in the organic whole of capitalism、Mutual conditional relationship。

Visible，In reality、In specific capitalist society，If the bet365 offers value is the explanatory principle of the surplus value theory，Then the existence of surplus value is also a realistic condition of the bet365 offers value。Because capital monopolizes the means of production，If labor is not combined with capital、Create profits for capital，It’s impossible to happen。Therefore，There is no abstraction、Isolated labor，There is only wage labor that can create surplus value for capital；"Labor creates value" in reality is "hired labor creates profits"。It can be said，Function of the "value" category，That is to put labor directly under the capital appreciation movement；The real situation of “labor that creates value”，Reality can only be revealed in the production process of surplus value。

In summary，We start from the social construction of categories such as "labor" and "value"、The Historicity of the bet365 offers Value、Objects and methods of "Das Kapital"、From multiple perspectives such as the relationship between bet365 offers value and surplus value，Attempt to elucidate the critical dimension of the bet365 offers value。The bet365 offers value is not the pure premise of Capital，Nor is it a critical benchmark prior to and independent of capitalism。It is more of an abstract aspect of the organic totality of capitalism，Together with other links, it constitutes the object of critical examination in "Das Kapital"，Contains the theoretical principles of perspective as the object of criticism and the embryonic form of labor alienation。Today，With the deepening of the inherent contradictions of capitalism，Labor intensification has also appeared in the labor field、Instability of labor relations、Intensified labor competition、Phenomena such as meaningless labor content。Grasp the critical dimension of the bet365 offers value in the contemporary context，Conducive to reactivating the theoretical value of "Das Kapital"，Gives an in-depth philosophical explanation of contemporary labor issues。

　(The author is a pre-appointed associate professor at the School of bet365 offers, Nankai University)