Labor issues are one of the core issues of Marxist philosophy，Labor value theory is the hub that understands Marx's political economy critical。In recent years，With the capitalist industry form、New changes in science and technology and labor process，Contemporary left -wing scholars began to emphasize the critical dimension of labor value theory。For a long time，Chinese Marxist scholars attach more importance to the constructive dimension of labor value theory，Insufficient discussion on its critical dimension。We tend to think，The theory of labor value contains some of Marx's "allocation of justice" thought，It advocates that labor is the creator of value，The main disadvantage of capitalism is the surplus value of labor creation for free，The distribution system of post -capitalism should be based on the value of fair distribution。but，The deterioration of contemporary capitalist labor situation makes left -wing scholars realize，In the capitalist production method，Not only the value created by labor has been allocated unjustly，And "labor performance value" itself contains a certain degree of labor alienation。As Pu Shu Tong said: "This analysis of Marx theory，Provides the foundation for criticizing the unique production form and wealth form (that is, value) that criticize capitalism ...，is a form of abstract rule，It is related to the essence of labor unique to this society。”

In view of this，Restart the critical dimension of labor value theory in "Capital"，Is a topic of the times for contemporary Marxist scholars。This topic includes the following points。

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Historical materialism claims that the concept is historic，Specific ideological concepts are historic products of a specific social form。Press here，Historical Materialist's own basis category，such as "labor", "value", etc.，itself is also historic; only under this principle，Historical materialism talent can historically understand。For this，Marx pointed out in the "Research Manuscripts of 1857-1858" (hereinafter referred to as "Outline"): "Even the most abstract category bet365 best casino games ... is also a product of historical conditions"，"The most general abstraction is always produced in the richest specific development occasion"。

This principle is also applicable to general categories such as "value" and "labor"。About the "value" category，Marx pointed out in "Capital": "Political economics has analyzed the value and value of value ... revealing the content covered in these forms。But it has never even raised such a problem: Why does this form take this form? Why does labor performance value，What is the value of labor products calculated with labor time? "visible，The main difference between Marx and national economists is，National Economist accepted the "value" category non -critical way，Pay attention to the problem of value，But Marx wants to ask "why labor performance is value"，That is, "value" is possible on the basis of what social historical conditions are possible。Similarly，About general "labor" category，Marx also pointed out in the "Outline" Introduction: "The same view of any type of labor，Suitable for such a social form，In this social form，Individuals can easily transfer from one labor to another ... the most modern existence form in the bourgeois society -the United States，This situation is the most developed。"" In other words，The general "labor" category seems to be the most common and ancient，Actually it is the product of modern commodity exchange。From this，We can distinguish between two different "labor" concepts: the first is the labor concept used by Marx's early historical materialism，It is an emotional objective activity as a human，It has general ontological significance; the second is to associate with "value" in "Capital"、Labor concepts with the dimension of "abstract labor"，The object is capitalist employment labor，It is a historic concept exclusive to specific social forms。To sum up，The category of general "value" and "labor" is the historic construction of a specific social form，Especially the product of the modern commodity economy，So，"labor performance is value" itself contains the germination form of the alienation phenomenon of modern society。

　　The historicity of labor value theory

historic indicators in the fields of "labor" and "value"，The "labor value theory" that connects bet365 live casino games the two together is also historic。Labor value theory is the scientific law of revealing the way capitalist operation method，But because the object is historic，So this law itself is also historic，It will die with the disappearance of specific social forms。For this，Marx himself has a clear understanding。

In the Outline，Marx pointed out the paralysis results caused by labor value theory under capitalist production relations。"The basis of wealth today is to theft of others' labor time，3254_3275，It looks too pitiful。"Although the large machinery industry has created huge productivity，Contains the potential of liberation labor，But because capital still treats labor as the only scale of wealth，So workers' labor not only reduces it，It is more heavier。The machine not only does not liberate labor，Instead of becoming a means of exploitation labor: "The emergence of the machine system，Not to make up for the lack of labor，but to compress the existing large amount of labor to the necessary limit。"" This indicates，Labor as the only scale of wealth，Social appearance built by capital for its own proliferation，There is a sharp contradiction between its development with productivity: "Capital wants to measure the huge social forces created in this way with labor time，and limited these forces to save the values ​​that have been created as a value to save。""，Marx sets the theory of labor value as the dominant principle of political economy critical，Although it is to reveal the law of capitalism，But it is also to set the contradiction between capitalist production relations and productivity in the center of discussion。Discard of capitalist production relations，Not only does it mean that workers have the value created by themselves，It means the abandonment of the value form itself，That is, labor no longer acts as the scale of wealth: "Once the direct form of labor is no longer a huge source of wealth，Working hours are no longer，And it is no longer a scale of wealth。”

This can be seen，Labor value theory is fundamentally historic，It is used as a representation of a specific production relationship，In the end, it is also necessary to contradict the development of productivity;，It is the meaning of the criticism of Marx Capital。

　Organicity and dialectics of the object

Bet365 lotto review How to understand the theoretical status of labor value theory，How to grasp the narrative method and logical structure of the "Capital theory" as a whole。Common "Capital Theory" interpretation is "linear logic".，It tends to understand "Capital" as a "axiom system" in the intellectual scientific sense，Starting from the basic principle of labor value theory，Push the complete capitalist economic system。According to this understanding，Labor value theory is just premise，and other links of capitalism (such as the remaining value、Labor process、Capital accumulation, etc.) is just a conclusion，Labor value theory becomes a criteria for criticality of capitalism。but，This interpretation does not conform to Marx's original meaning。The object of "Capital" is the "organic overall" of the capitalist society，The method is the dialectical method "from abstraction to specific"，Neither of the two can be simply summarized with the interpretation of "linear logic"。

First，Capitalist society is a "organic overall"，Among them, each link is both conditions and results，Each link is based on all other links.。As Marx said: "In the bourgeois system that is completed,，Each economic relationship is based on another economic relationship with a bourgeois economic form，So every setting is the premise at the same time。"" Press here，The theory of labor value is of course this organic overall explanation principle，but also the effect of this overall continuous reproduction。Mechanism of "labor performance as value"，Is the circulation of goods、currency proliferation、Capital accumulation and other links jointly operated together。

Next，This organic overall cannot be grasped with the "linear logic" method，Because you can’t find an unprecedented "first premise"。To grasp this organic overall，Can only use the dialectical method of "from abstraction to specific"。This method starts from a more abstract category and scene，A contradictions can be obtained through inference; then，Fixed the original abstract assumption，so as to abandon the contradiction，to form an increasingly specific theoretical structure。About this dialectical method，Marx pointed out: "From abstraction to specific method，Just thinking is used to master the Bet365 lotto review specific、Taking it as a spiritual and specific way。But it is by no means the production process of the specific itself。"" This explanation，The inference process of "Capital" is not a real historical development process，but the process of "reappearing" capitalism, the process of "reappearing" capitalism，Its aspects of its links are in the organic general of the capitalism、Conditions。Based on this，"Capital Theory" is not the theoretical principle of labor value as the first place，Instead, it is included as a link within the overall capitalist。In short，"subject，Society，It must also always appear as the premise to appear in front of the appearance "。That is to say，The "main body" of a specific capitalist society，It is the prerequisite for abstract propositions such as "labor value theory"; from the process of laborer value theory to the overall process of capitalism，Of course, the process of "from the premise to the result"，but also the process of "from result to premise"，What it revealed is the condition that the theory of labor value itself is established。Once this dialectical method is correctly understood，Then the theory of labor value is no longer manifested as the product of the "simple commodity production" of former capitalism，but manifested as an abstract side of the capitalism itself，Other aspects of capitalism together constitute the object of critical review of "Capital"。

　　Labor value theoryDialectical relationship with the theory of surplus value

Understand the significance of the dialectical method of "Capital"，It is mainly manifested in the relationship between labor value theory and surplus value theory。It is usually considered，Labor value theory in the sense of "linear logic" is the premise of surplus value theory: based on labor value theory，Only special products such as labor force can create more value; therefore，Capital can only be purchased by purchasing labor、Exploitation its remaining value，can achieve proliferation。but，This interpretation also ignores the dialectical nature of the "Capital theory" method。

As mentioned earlier，"Capital" starts from abstract categories such as "commodity", "value", "labor"，Lay these categories on a more specific capitalist society overall。First，Marx decompose the category Bet365 lotto review of "products" into two factors: "use value" and "value"，Analysis through value form，It proves that the general performance of the value of the product cannot be through other value forms，It can only pass through the value of value，That is, the value entity of the value itself。This indicates that the value of the product is worthy of the conditions of currency。Next，General currency circulation contains two formulas，That is, the W-G-W formula that looks like and the G-W-G formula that looks reverse，Among them, the second formula requires currency to proliferate (G-W-G ')，that is, currency circulation becomes capital circulation。This also indicates that the condition of universal currency circulation is capital proliferation。Last，Marx also proves that the condition of capital proliferation is the surplus value。The above demonstration process presents value to be founded in currency and capital，Logic chain that is found in the surplus value，That is, the value and surplus value are closely related to the organic overall capitalism、A relationship with each other。

In reality，In reality、In specific capitalist society，If the theory of labor value is the explanation principle of the theory of surplus value，So the existence of the surplus value is also the actual condition of labor value theory。Due to capital monopoly production materials，If the labor is not combined with capital、Create profit for capital，It is impossible to happen at all。So，There is no abstraction、Isolate labor，Only employment labor that can create surplus value for capital is existing; "labor creation value" is "hiring labor to create profits"。It can be said，Function in the category of "value"，is to place labor directly under the capital proliferation movement; the real situation of "creative value"，Only in the production process of the remaining value can we get realistic reveals。

To sum up，Social construction of us from the fields of "labor" and "value"、The historicity of labor value theory、The object and method of "Capital"、The relationship between the theory of labor value and the theory of surplus values，Try to explain the critical dimension of labor value theory。Labor value theory is not the pure premise of "Capital"，Not a critical benchmark for capitalism, which is independent of capitalism。It is more bet365 Play online games of the abstract side of the capitalist organic overall，Together with other links, the object of critical review of "Capital"，It contains the theoretical principles of the criticism of perspective and the bud form of labor alienation。Today，With the deepening of the internal contradictions of capitalism，Labor enhancement also appeared in the labor field、Unstable labor relationship、Labor competition intensified、Labor content is meaningless and other phenomena。Critical dimensions of labor value theory under contemporary context，helps to re -activate the theoretical value of "Capital Theory"，Gives a deep philosophical interpretation for contemporary labor issues。

　(The author is a pre -hired associate professor at the School of Philosophy of Nankai University)