With the intensification of strategic competition in the country，The uncertainty of the international economic order continues to enhance，Trade friction、Supply Chain Security、Technical geopolitics, etc., has become a hot topic in recent years。The core mechanism of maintaining international economic order，The World Trade Organization (WTO) has a lag of rules on negotiations、Direct solution mechanism paralysis and status marginalization and other phenomena。The complexity of real challenges and the weak response of the WTO，Make the multilateral trading system constantly facing the voice of questioning。

　　bet365 best casino games

At the same time，Global Value Chain (GVC) enters the deep change period，WTO reform and development will face greater uncertainty。For example，The United States uses the "Infrastructure Act" (2021)、"Chip and Science Act" (2022) and "Aflation Act" (2022) Promote the return of manufacturing，Construct a new supply chain layout; the EU launched the "new industrial strategy" (2020) and "chip bill" (2023) to integrate the internal industrial power，Enhance its influence in the supply chain of critical industries。April 2023，"World Economic Outlook" released by the International Monetary Fund (IMF) pointed out，The layout of cross -border direct investment is reconstruction of geopolitical relations。These policy changes and the structural change caused by the resulting GVC，Not only shaking the consensus of free trade，Reshape the economic basis of multilateral trade cooperation，and will have an impact on the multilateral trading system based on the principles of mutual benefit and non -discrimination。Under the conditions of bet365 best casino games this great country's strategic relationship and the violent changes of GVC，How to maintain its influence and meet actual needs，Become a question that needs to be analyzed urgently，Analysis of the impact of GVC on WTO，It has also become a key clue to understand these real challenges。

The production link of the same product is distributed in the international division of labor in many countries or regions，GVC continues to expand with the global production layout of multinational companies after the Cold War is over，This wave was described by Danny Rodrick as "Super Globalization"，Its kernel is market -oriented economic policy popularity、The large -scale flow of multinational capital and the strong expansion of global economic governance。Changes in this production relationship，Promote the development of the multilateral trading system。At the same time，Long -term economic globalization has also given birth to an optimistic emotion，that is, the expansion of the GVC leads to a deep economic dependency between major powers，Binding of economic interests and huge decourse costs will inhibit trade protectionism，and promote international economic rules to continuously update to adapt to new global production methods。but，Since 2018，Activities of offensive protectionism in the United States and the function of WTO have been destroyed.。

　　The global value chain affects the multilateral trading system

Actually，GVC's influence mechanism on the multilateral trading system has complexity，When playing the role of "promoter" and "stabilizer"，It also contains interference forces，The main manifestations are the following aspects。First，GVC's multinational collaborative characteristics Promoting the development of the WTO rules system，At the same time, the policy space conflict between global governance and domestic governance。The production activities of the GVC mode are collaborated by the market subject of multiple countries，Require production factors Bet365 lotto review to achieve cross -border flow at an acceptable cost。but，Tariffs and non -tariff barriers，Factors such as systems and business environment between different economies，All will restrict multinational production activities。During the rapid development of economic globalization，Multinational companies of developed economies have global expansion needs，Development of economies of economies of attracting external investment and technology，This has led to the motivation of major economies to improve international economic rules to reduce the cost of transnational production。From this logic,，GVC plays a promotion role in the development of the multilateral trading system。At the same time，The cost of reducing multinational production also means cutting tariff barriers，and promote the economic regulation of different economies。For this situation，There are dilemma choices in the development of economies，Choose Global Governance Priority，will weaken economic policy autonomy，Even the rules that are not in line with their own development; and resisting global governance will reduce the attraction to transnational capital。If the dilemma of the developing economy is fully considered，Multilateral rules can be advanced in conflict and compromise。but，Since the WTO Singapore Ministerial Meeting in 1996，The United States has continuously promoted the "new generation of trade rules" and ignored the development of the interests of the economy，Eventually leading to the continuous intensification of the internal policy space conflict of the WTO。

2，GVC's production connection characteristics play a stable role on multilateral cooperation，But its stimulating economic risks erode the status of the multilateral trading system。GVC's multinational collaboration determines the high correlation of production activities between different market entities on the value chain，The cost change or break in a production link will be quickly transmitted to the market entity of Bet365 app download the entire value chain。This connection characteristics determine that the main economy will adopt a coordination policy to maintain the stability of the value chain，Cross -country proliferation to prevent economic risks。At the same time，Related multinational corporations lobbying the government to comply with multilateral trade rules，Some quantitative analysis also verified this logic，That is, industries with high degree of dependence on intermediate products are more inclined to respect the rules of the WTO dispute resolution mechanism。but，Coordination of multilateral trade policy can not effectively prevent the financial crisis、Natural impact、Supply chain risks brought by war and military conflicts，and the current multilateral trading system is mainly concentrated in the field of market access，Beyond the "Exception of Safety"，There is no effective mechanism to deal with these challenges。and，"Safety exception" rules are relatively weak，"Economic Security" lacks a unified definition standard，It has strong subjectivity。This makes it easy for "economic security" to be generalized，Become an excuse to avoid the constraints of multilateral rules，to impact the effectiveness of multilateral rules。

third，GVC's profit distribution hierarchical characteristics will trigger competition in division of labor between great powers，The multilateral trading system of "Member drive" is not only difficult to regulate the economic competition of the great power，It may also be a platform or tool for competition。GVC has dual attributes，The collaborative and connectivity formed by the multinational production layout，and the profit distribution level reflected in "Smile Curve"。When the level of the key industry value chain is relatively stable，Coordination and connection is the main factor affecting multilateral trade governance，When the status of the international division of labor changes，bet365 live casino games The competition between the value chain division of the value chain between the United States and emerging economies as an economic hegemony also intensify，Profit level becomes focus。The changes in this international production pattern will lead to the shift from "market -oriented" to "power orientation"，​​This makes it more difficult to achieve multilateral economic cooperation。Although the multilateral trading system has a certain "super national" dispute solution mechanism，But it can not effectively restrict the impact force brought by this logical logic change。and，The characteristics of "Member drive" also easily lead to WTOs become a platform for economic competition in the country。For example，Since 2018，The United States destroys the WTO dispute resolution mechanism，At the same time, the rules or standards of its preferences，Delivery through rules to assist its global economic competition strategy。

​​In short，GVC's impact on the development of the WTO has multiple nature，The root cause is that GVC is developed above the sovereign state system。When the international power structure changes，The power logic followed by the sovereign state system will reshape the market forces represented by GVC and the global governance force represented by the WTO。

　The path of the reform system of reform

Faced with a big change in the world for a century，The multilateral trading system urgently needs reform and improvement，To cope with complex and diverse new challenges。WTO reached the "Reference Documents for Domestic Regulation of Trade Trade" and "Fisheries Subsidies Agreement" in 2022，The text negotiation of the "Investment Convenience Agreement of Promoting Development" in 2023。At the same time，WTO also needs to realize the normalization mechanism of dispute solution，Adaptive reforms based on the new situation of global economic governance。

First，Positioning change。Multilateral cooperation needs to be based on common interests，When the economic competition and relative bet365 live casino games income thinking enhancement of the economic competition in the country，Settled the positioning of the multilateral trading system in a timely manner，Adopt more pragmatic、Flexible reform method，Strengthen its interest coordination、Policy dialogue and dispute solution，Highlight its functions that maintain the concept of free trade and advocate international economic norms。Based on this，Consensus that needs to be condensed to maintain the core position of the WTO，Enhance its authority in global economic governance。

2，Governance layering。Although the multilateral trading system is in a governance crisis，But after more than 70 years of development，The rules and issues have strong networking，When multilateral negotiations adopting the principle of consistent negotiation are difficult to achieve compromise，The multilateral framework can be used as the basic system，Continuously superimposed in its framework for new cooperation mechanisms，Forming the pattern of level -level governance。where，The border trade agreement model within the WTO framework can mobilize the enthusiasm of the participants，It is also conducive to reducing negotiation costs，Rules to promote emerging issues for negotiations。other，WTO can also develop new policy communication channels in accordance with reality，Create industrial policy，Establish a professional multilateral policy dialogue mechanism such as economic security and supply chain risk，Institutional ecology to create stratified governance。

third，Functional expansion。The challenges contained in the world's century -old changes are diverse，Development imbalance、Climate Change、Energy crisis and food security are all global key issues。WTO can further strengthen the intervention of these global issues from the perspective of trade policy。For example，The formulation of environmental product rules as a breakthrough point，Promoting the issue bet365 live casino games of subsidies for renewable energy products to reach new rules。other，WTO can also promote tolerance development、Green Development and other concepts and the fusion of the multilateral trade agenda，Add to the multilateral governance network of these issues，Improve its participation and influence in global governance。

　(Author is an associate professor at the Department of International Political Economics of the University of International Political Economics and Economics of the University of International Relations)