Since ancient times, Greece and Rome，Western civilization has always been a distinctive civilization in human diversified civilizations。In the classical era，Western civilization is moisturized and influenced by oriental civilization。but from 16、After the 17th century，The rise of modern civilization in the West。With the help of exploring the achievements of new routes and geography，Western civilization has begun to form a momentum of expansion to the world。

but but，The fundamental motivation of Western civilization has spread outward since modern times because of the rise and development of capitalism，In the early stage，Colonialism that is manifested as the original accumulation of capital， Since the 1980s，It is mainly manifested as the global flow of capital。It can be said，In the past five centuries，The global expansion of Western forces is driven by the capital movement。

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Matching with capital expansion，"Civilization" in the West also spread outward。Early modern，Christianity thinks that the "mission" of spreading the gospel to humans，Practice to make the "barbaric" ethnic group in other parts of the world。The enlightenment movement of the 18th century created democracy、Freedom、Equality、Human Rights and other modern concepts，and the ideology of Western centralism。After the first industrial revolution，This centralism has a real material basis，Westerners use their civilization as the direction of the development of human civilization，Look at the world with an advantage and strong superiority，Promote Western values。"Westernization"，Not only the meaning of economic development and taking Western roads，It also means that the imitation of the western social system and values。The concept of "modernization" in the general sense，It also refers to using the west as a template、Modern roads pointed out to non -Western countries that have not yet been realized。Even the word "globalization"，From the perspective of the United States, it is also the global economic development direction under the guidance of new liberalism。In short，Since modern times，The West expands the world in the name of "civilization"，In fact, it is actually a need for the accumulation of capital in the world。

The formation of modern Western civilization has its unique historical background。In the process of leaving the medieval belief society，Establishing trends in European society: Humanism makes European society values ​​the value and strength of people，Turn human pursuit to the real world and secular life; the scientific revolution breaks the doctrine and mysteriousism，2786_2827、Reason、progress、Civilization and other concepts have become an important part of the modern discourse system。Modern Western civilization is gradually formed under the common role of various historical trends。

The historical trend of capitalism in the development of modern civilization ZTE，and，It itself grows into the core content of modern civilization bet365 live casino games and an important driving force for promoting the development of modern civilization。The formation and evolution of the world economic system is mainly the result of capitalist development，The so -called "Westernization"，On the one hand, the strong spread and diffusion of Western modern civilization in the world，From colonial expansion to capital flowing globally，and the United States -based Western countries establish world hegemony，It is a manifestation of various forms of westernization; on the other hand, it also explains，Some areas affected by Western culture，The production method is in order to better meet the needs of capitalist development、Lifetime、The changes and catering of the concept of value and various systems。

　　distinctive capitalist characteristics 

The capitalist economy is based on employment labor、Production method for the purpose of capital accumulation。Capitalism uses employment labor，Under this system，Human labor has also become a product，Therefore，It is also a thorough market economy。The rise of capitalism in the context of feudalism and autocracy Europe，It shows its progress in all aspects: "The bourgeoisie has played a very revolutionary role in history。”

In terms of development of productivity，The Communist Declaration points out，"The productivity created by the bourgeoisie in less than 100 years of class rule，More productive for all generations created in the past，More big。Conquest of Natural Power，The use of the machine，Application of chemistry in industry and agriculture，Driving of the ship，The traffic of the railway，Use of telegraph，Reclamation of the entire continent as a whole，Navigation of the River，It seems that a large number of population calls from underground with spells -which century did the past century think that there is such productivity in social labor? "At that time, in the middle of the 19th century，The Industrial Revolution has just completed in the UK，Stalling in the European continent，Marx has discovered the huge ability of capitalism in developing productivity。

The huge advantage of capitalism in developing productivity，For the United Kingdom、European countries、Modernization of the United States and the world has created material conditions。Marx pointed out: "The market is always expanding，Demand is always increasing。Even the workshop handicrafts can no longer meet the need。So，Steam and machines have caused revolution in industrial production。Modern Greater Industry replaced the workshop handicraft ... At the same time，With industry、Business、Expansion of the navigation industry and railway，The bourgeoisie also develops to the same degree，Increase your capital，Squeeze all the class left over in the Middle Ages to the back。"Industrialization is the foundation of all forms and history in all countries and history in the world，Without industrialization, there is no urbanization，So there will be no transformation from traditional agricultural society to modern industry and urban society。That's for this，Capitalist production has promoted the industrialization of Western countries、Urbanization and modernization。

The development of capitalism is also the driving force Bet365 lotto review for globalization。We live in the era of globalization today，It is a result formed by capitalism in the process of expanding and promoting in the past five centuries.。Continuous expansion of product sales needs，Drives the bourgeoisie to run around all over the world。As Marx said，"Bourgeoisie，Due to the development of the world market，Make the production and consumption of all countries a worldwide。What makes the reactionary regret is，The bourgeoisie dug out the national foundation at the foot of the industry。The ancient national industry was eliminated，and are still destroyed every day。They are squeezed out by the new industry，The establishment of the new industry has become a matter of life of all civilized nations; these industries processing，No longer local raw materials，but raw materials from extremely distant areas; their products are not only for consumption of their country，And for consumption around the world at the same time。”

Capitalism has the power to change the world，Not only achieved revolution in the field of production and exchange，And social relationships and communication、important aspects of human society such as political system and value concept，All make them fundamental changes。Marx said so: "The bourgeoisie has feuded all feudal、The Hethan poetry -like relationship of the ancestors is destroyed。It ruthlessly cuts off the feudal fetters that bind people to the natural respect of natural respect，It makes people and people except naked interests，In addition to the ruthless 'cash transaction'，There is no other connection again。”

In feudalism、In the struggle of authoritarianism，The bourgeoisie shouted the banner of "talent human rights" and the progress of democratic freedom and equality，Movement of the whole society to disintegrate the old system。Since then，These concepts and slogans that have revolutionary significance in history，It will be played on the banner of Western civilization since modern times。

Since modern times，The impact of capitalism on the world is almost everywhere，It can be said，The bourgeoisie creates the world based on my own appearance，Created a form of civilization: "The bourgeoisie makes the countryside yield in the city ... Just as it makes the countryside belong to the city，It enables the country that does not open and semi -open belongs to a civilized country，Makes farmers' nations subordinate to the bourgeois nation，Make the East belong to the West。”

It can be said，Western modern civilization has distinctive capitalist characteristics。

Internal limitations that are difficult to overcome 

Although the capitalist production method is conducive to the rapid development of human productivity，Created the socio -economic form of capitalist and modern Western civilization，and make this civilization strongly spread，More or less shared the material civilization brought by capitalism around the world、Modern lifestyle and concept，but，The progressiveness of capitalism cannot eliminate its inherent brutal and destructive。To some extent，Modern civilization also pays the barbaric and destructive of capitalism。

Hungarian sociologist Carl Polkani has proposed the "embedded" theory。This theory thinks，Economy as an institutional process，bet365 Play online games It should be embedded in the economic and non -economic system。In the non -market economy before the industrial revolution，Market exchange mechanism has not yet occupied its dominant position，Economic life is mainly based on mutual benefit or re -distribution，embedded in social and cultural structures; but，In the market economy after the Industrial Revolution，Economic activities are determined by market price，People act in the market in the market，At this time, there is a trend of dehydration in the economic system，The trend that is not restricted by social and cultural structure。

Marxist theory has also pointed out that capital has infinitely accumulated nature，To maximize the profit，Capital will ignore everything，Even if you take risks。This wild nature of capital，From a good aspect，Promoting the continuous changes in the economy and society。but，From the aspect of bad，The destructiveness caused by capital accumulation is also great。For example，During the business crisis，"A social plague that seemed to be a ridiculous phenomenon in all times in the past，That is the excess plague。The society suddenly found that I had returned to the brutal state; as if it was a famine、A common devastating war，Lost all living materials that make society lose all; as if industrial and business have been destroyed。What is the reason? Because of the excessive civilization in society，There are too many living information，Industry and commercial is too developed "。

"Disdling" or the tendency of unlimited capital，Makes capital with a trend of linger above society。In the capitalist production method，Producer is hired workers，The labor ability of people has become a product，Enter the production process，The need for capital accumulation。Capital Games without control will treat workers as tools for capital accumulation，Cause alienation。Early industrialization，The working environment of the workers is bad，Long labor time，Low income level，The income salary is only enough to maintain the population of the population。Labor has been alienated。Just under the continuous struggle of the proletariat，Adding productivity，The momentum of capital to maximizes the "surplus value" is curbed，The working conditions and living standards of the workers are improved。

But，The problem of differences and inequality of the rich and poor is almost the disease of capitalist civilization。This inequality becomes a structural relationship that has become a capitalist civilization to form and develop，The poverty of the former and the dependence on the latter，Building supporting capitalist civilization。The development of modern civilization cannot surpass 16、The capitalist world economic system gradually formed since the 17th century，So，The difference between the difference between the rich and the poor and the inequality will exist for a long time。

The trend of unlimited accumulation of capital，It also means that capitalism is extremely destructive to ecological resources。Capital to achieve value -added，Use global resources to meet the needs of the world market。The market economy is the implementation of resource allocation globally，Early modern，bet365 live casino games Western colonists promoted the planting economy in the Americas。During the original accumulation of capital，Break the ecology at all，exhaustion，Makes the colonial economy from sustainable development。In Latin America，Due to the long -term implementation of a single planting economy，Once the colonies obtained independence politically，Latest in the position attached to Western countries for a long time。Visible，The contradiction between the trend of unlimited capital and the limitedness of the material world，It is the capitalist economy and the Western civilization based on this economic basis that is difficult to overcome。

　　Obvious times and classity 

Modern Western civilization is mainly in the formation and maturity of the development of capitalism。In the struggle of the bourgeoisie against feudalism and authoritarianism, the ideological concepts and ideology of modern Western society are gradually formed。The emphasis on people during the Renaissance，Decision and advocating personal beliefs for the authority of the church in religious reform，The Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment Movement for Science、Reason、Elaboration of progress，The foundation for the formation of modern western civilization，They constitute the trend of civilization progress in the West (and even modern world)。Even if today's postmodernist has spared no effort to criticize to make progress、Modernity performed by rationality, etc.，They are still the basis of the basic ideas and values ​​of today's society。

During the modern bourgeois revolution, anti -feudal、Anti -autocratic flag，Shout out of democracy、Freedom、Equal slogan，Practice enlightenment thinkers build a new world、Thought of New Society。The idea of ​​"sovereignty in the people" denies the monarchy and authoritarianism，"Democracy" has been carried out for the bourgeois revolution; "freedom" has become the banner of the American people during the independent war;。After the French Revolution，The torrent of the revolution rushed from France to other European countries、Rush to Latin America and Asia，Democratic、Equality、Freedom and other slogans also spread all over the world，and Westerners also push them as "universal" values ​​to the world。After more than 200 years of communication，These values ​​and goals that are derived from a specific historical stage of European society，It has been accepted by modern people。

Look at it historically，These concepts have played a very revolutionary role in European society，It has also greatly inspired the people’s revolutionary fighting spirit in other parts of the world，Their revolutionary role is particularly prominent in the process of resisting the order of the old rule。but，When building a new social order，Under different social and cultural and economic conditions，These concepts for different social classes and classes，There are often different connotations，With obvious times、classity and limitations。

For example, in the United States，The pursuit of freedom has been the right to only white men for a long time。The Declaration of Independence in the United States announced: Life is equal，There is an irreplaceable right，bet365 live casino games Including survival、The right to pursue happiness。but，For a long time after the independence of the United States，"Human Rights" does not refer to the rights of universal people，Instead, it refers to the rights of white men who have producers。The rights of the Indians are ignored，The slave system was abolished until the war in the mid -1960s，Women's rights will still be ignored until the 20th century。Race contradictions and gender discrimination have continued until today，It is still a pupae that is difficult to solve in American society。

From this, it can be seen，Modern Western civilization advertises "universal value"，But in a real society，No Western countries can truly realize these principles。Tracing the source flow of these "universal values"，We found，The closer to its source，The more the revolutionary significance and theoretical significance they are in the process of opposing the old system and the establishment of a new society，But the social conditions it implemented, the more restricted it is。The "universal" of value and the limitations of the capitalist society，There is always a tension。

Marx and Engels have already discovered the secrets，They pointed out in the blood in "German Ideology": "Every new class that attempts to replace the old ruling class，In order to achieve your purpose, you have to tell your interests as the common interest of all members of the society，means，This expression of this concept is: give yourself the general form of thought，Draws them as the only reasonable、Thoughts with universal significance。""，After the past revolutionary past of the emergency storm，These "universal" principles greatly shrink in reality，Reflected obvious class attributes。

visible，Just from the beautiful words and words itself can not draw a perfect conclusion，From the perspective of historical practice and realistic social conditions，These values ​​are also largely a rhetoric。Of course，In the process of history，People have been trying to promote the implementation of values ​​such as human rights democracy, equality, freedom。

　　Human destiny community represents the development direction of the new form of human civilization 

Although the form of human civilization is diverse，But in the contemporary world，Industrialization、Urbanization、Global trends such as modernization and globalization are still spreading under the leadership of European and American countries，Different civilized forms，Actually or active or passive，More or less affected by Western civilization，This is an indisputable fact。But，If you think that the future world is only this kind of civilized form，In other words，Western civilizations will take all kinds of other civilizations and become "universal" forms，Or the future of the world's civilization is only "westernized" a way out，That's too pessimistic。As described earlier，Western civilization established on the basis of the rise and development of capitalism itself is far from perfect，Capitalism has contradictions that cannot be overcome，The unequal world economic system it built is still a big gap between the concept of the community of human destiny。So，In addition to Western modernization roads and civilized forms，bet365 live casino games There should be a modern road worth looking forward to and the more universal human civilization form。

Modernization is the only way for any of the ideal ethnic group to lead to the future，This ancient civilization in China is currently relying on Chinese -style modern roads，Walking on the road leading to national rejuvenation。China's modernization needs to learn from the industrialization of Western countries、Urbanization and modernization experience，but，The limited limitation of "Chinese style" determines that China's modernization cannot "copy and paste" the Western road。On the one hand，Modernization of the West is not perfect，Instead, there are inherent defects，It needs to be surpassed。On the other hand，China has its own national conditions and conditions，Among the five major characteristics of Chinese -style modernization，In addition to the first point "Population scale" belongs to China National conditions，Other four points，That is, the common people of the people are wealthy、Coordinated development of material civilization and spiritual civilization、Harmony of people and nature，The meaning of Western modernization and civilization based on capitalist development，And，This also means that Chinese -style modernization will be a non -capitalist modernization road。

From this，We can realize that Comrade Xi Jinping attended the profound connotation of the "Global Civilization initiative" proposed at the high -level dialogue of the Communist Party of China on March 15, 2023，These initiatives are not only a summary of world modernization history、The understanding of China's national conditions and the exploration of Chinese -style modern roads，It is also the future of human beings，Its goal points to build a community of human destiny。

　(The author is a lecture professor at Nankai University)