Since ancient Greece and Rome，Western bet365 apuestas has always been a distinctive bet365 apuestas among the diverse civilizations of mankind。In the classical era，Western bet365 apuestas is nourished and influenced by Eastern bet365 apuestas。But from 16、After the 17th century，The rise of modern Western bet365 apuestas。With the help of the achievements of exploring new sea routes and geographical discoveries，Western bet365 apuestas begins to form a momentum of expansion to other parts of the world。

However，The fundamental driving force for the spread of Western bet365 apuestas in modern times is the rise and development of capitalism，In the early days，Colonialism characterized by primitive accumulation of capital， Since the 1980s，Mainly manifested as the global flow of capital。It can be said，Over the past five centuries，The worldwide expansion of Western power is driven by capital movements。

　Unique bet365 apuestas cultural imprint

Match with capital expansion，Western “bet365 apuestas” also spreads abroad。Early modern period，Christianity believes that it has the "mission" to spread the gospel to mankind，Attempting to Christianize “savage” peoples in other parts of the world。The Enlightenment in the 18th century created democracy、Freedom、Equality、Modern concepts such as human rights，And form the ideology of Western centralism。After the first industrial revolution，This kind of centralism has a realistic material basis，Westerners regard their own bet365 apuestas as the direction of the development of human bet365 apuestas，Look at the world with a dominant and strong sense of superiority，Promote Western values。The word "Westernization"，It also includes the meaning of economic development taking the Western path，Also means imitation of Western social systems and values。The concept of "modernization" in a general sense，Also refers to using the West as a template、The road to modernization pointed out to non-Western countries that have not yet realized modernization。Even the word "globalization"，From the perspective of the United States, the direction of global economic development is also guided by neoliberalism。Anyway，Since modern times，The West is expanding its power to the world in the name of "bet365 apuestas"，In fact, it is to meet the needs of global accumulation of capital。

The formation of modern Western bet365 apuestas has its unique historical background。In the process of breaking away from medieval belief society，There is a trend of secularization in European society: humanism makes European society pay attention to human value and strength，Turn people’s pursuits to the real world and secular life；The scientific revolution destroyed church doctrine and mysticism，Laid the foundation for the arrival of rationalism；The Reformation broke the monopoly of the Roman Church；The Enlightenment made science、rational、Progress、Concepts such as bet365 apuestas have become an important part of the modern discourse system。Modern Western bet365 apuestas was gradually formed under the combined influence of various historical trends。

Capitalism rises in the historical trend of the development of modern bet365 apuestas，and，It itself has increasingly grown into the core content of modern bet365 apuestas and an important driving force for the development of modern bet365 apuestas。The formation and evolution of the world economic system is mainly the result of the development of capitalism，The so-called "Westernization"，On the one hand, it shows the strong spread and proliferation of modern Western bet365 apuestas around the world，From colonial expansion to global flow of capital，And Western countries, mainly the United States, have established world hegemony，All are manifestations of various forms of Westernization；On the other hand, it also explains，Some areas influenced by Western culture，In order to better meet the needs of capitalist development、Lifestyle、Changes and adaptations in values, systems, etc.。

　　Distinctive characteristics of bet365 apuestas

The capitalist economy is based on wage labor、A mode of production aimed at capital accumulation。Capitalism uses wage labor，Under this system，Human labor power also becomes a commodity，Therefore，It is also a complete market economy。The rise of capitalism bet365 apuestas context of feudalism and absolutism in Europe，It shows its progressive nature in all aspects: "The bourgeoisie has played a very revolutionary role in history。”

In terms of developing productivity，The Communist Manifesto states，“The productive forces created by the bourgeoisie in its less than one hundred years of class rule，More than the total productivity created by all previous generations，Even bigger。Conquest of natural forces，Machine adoption，Applications of chemistry in industry and agriculture，The movement bet365 apuestas ship，Railway access，Usage of telegram，Reclamation bet365 apuestas entire continent，Navigation of rivers，A large population that seems to be summoned from the underground by magic - which century in the past could have imagined that there is such productivity in social labor？”It was the middle bet365 apuestas 19th century，The Industrial Revolution has just completed in Britain，is spreading in continental Europe，Marx already discovered the great ability of capitalism in developing productive forces。

The huge advantages of capitalism in developing productive forces，for the UK、Continental European countries、Modernization in the United States and other parts of the world has created material conditions。Marx pointed out: "The market is always expanding，Demand is always increasing。Even handicrafts no longer meet the needs。So，Steam and machines caused a revolution in industrial production。Modern large-scale industry has replaced handicraft industry...at the same time，With industry、Business、Expansion of shipping and railroads，The bourgeoisie also developed to the same extent，Increase your own capital，Push to the back all classes left over from the Middle Ages。”Industrialization is the foundation of all countries in the world and all forms of modernization in history，Without industrialization, there would be no urbanization，Therefore, there will be no transition from traditional agricultural society to modern industrial and urban society。For that matter，Capitalist production promoted the industrialization of bet365 apuestas countries、Urbanization and modernization。

The development of capitalism is also the driving force of globalization。We live in the era of globalization today，It is a result bet365 apuestas continuous expansion and promotion of capitalism over the past five centuries。The need to continuously expand product sales，Driving the bourgeoisie around the world。As Marx said，"Bourgeoisie，Due to opening up the world market，Make all countries’ production and consumption global。What greatly regrets the reactionaries is that，The bourgeoisie has dug up the national foundation under the feet of industry。The ancient national industry was wiped out，And they are still being eliminated every day。They were squeezed out by new industries，The establishment of new industries has become a vital issue for all civilized nations；Processed by these industries，No longer a local raw material，Rather, raw materials come from extremely remote areas；Their products are not only for domestic consumption，And for consumption all over the world。”

Capitalism has the power to change the world，Not only achieved a revolution bet365 apuestas fields of production and exchange，And in social relationships and interactions、In important aspects of human society such as political systems and values，All of them have undergone fundamental changes。Marx said this: "The bourgeoisie has put all feudal、The patriarchal and idyllic relationship is destroyed。It ruthlessly cuts off all kinds of feudal fetters that bind people to their natural superiors，It makes the relationship between people except naked interests，Except for the ruthless ‘cash transaction’，There will be no other contact。”

On and Feudalism、In the struggle against authoritarianism，The bourgeoisie shouted the banner of "natural human rights" and democracy, freedom, equality and progress，Mobilize the whole society to dismantle the old system。From now on，These concepts and slogans have revolutionary significance in history，On the banner of Western bet365 apuestas in modern times。

Since modern times，Capitalism’s impact on the world is almost everywhere，It can be said，The bourgeoisie created the world in its own image，Created a form of bet365 apuestas: "The bourgeoisie has made the countryside subject to the rule of the city... just as it has made the countryside subordinate to the city，It subordinates savage and semi-civilized nations to civilized nations，Making the nation of peasants subordinate to the nation of the bourgeoisie，Making the East subordinate to the West。”

It can be said，Modern Western bet365 apuestas has distinct characteristics of capitalism。

bet365 apuestas limitations that are difficult to overcome

Although the capitalist mode of production is conducive to the rapid development of human productivity，Created the socio-economic form of capitalism and modern Western bet365 apuestas，And make this bet365 apuestas spread strongly，All parts of the world have more or less shared the material bet365 apuestas brought about by capitalism、Modern lifestyle and concepts，But，The progressive nature of capitalism cannot eliminate its inherent barbarity and destructiveness。To some extent，Modern bet365 apuestas has also paid the price for the barbarism and destructiveness of capitalism。

Hungarian sociologist Karl Polanyi once proposed the "embeddedness" theory。The theory is that，Economy as an institutional process，Should be embedded in economic and non-economic institutions。bet365 apuestas non-market economy before the industrial revolution，The market exchange mechanism has not yet taken hold，Economic life is mainly based on reciprocity or redistribution，Embedded in social and cultural structures；But，bet365 apuestas market economy after the industrial revolution，Economic activities are determined by market prices，People behave bet365 apuestas market in a manner that maximizes returns，The economic system at this time has a tendency to become disembedded，Trends that are not constrained by social and cultural structures。

Marxist theory has long pointed out that capital has the nature of unlimited accumulation，To maximize profits，Capital will do whatever bet365 apuestas takes，Even if you take risks。The wild nature of capital，On the bright side，Promoting continuous economic and social changes。But，In a bad way，Capital accumulation is also extremely destructive。For example，During a business crisis，“The occurrence of a social plague that has seemed absurd in all previous eras，The plague of overproduction。Society suddenly finds itself back in a state of temporary barbarism；Like a famine、A war of universal destruction，The society has lost all its means of living；bet365 apuestas seems that all industry and commerce have been destroyed。What is the reason for this？Because society is too civilized，Too many living materials，Industry and commerce are too developed”。

"Disembeddedness" or the tendency of unlimited accumulation of capital，The tendency of capital to dominate society。In the capitalist mode of production，Producers are wage laborers，People’s labor ability has become a commodity，Enter the production process，Serving the needs of capital accumulation。Uncontrolled capital movement will regard workers as tools for capital accumulation，Cause alienation。In the early days of industrialization，Poor working conditions for workers，Long working hours，Low income level，The wages earned are only enough to maintain the reproduction bet365 apuestas population。Labor has been alienated。Only due to the constant struggle bet365 apuestas proletarians，Plus productivity improvements，The momentum of capital to extract "surplus value" to the maximum extent has been curbed，Working conditions and living standards of workers have improved。

However，The problem of wealth difference and inequality is almost a chronic disease of capitalist bet365 apuestas。This inequality has become a structural relationship for the formation and development of capitalist bet365 apuestas，The poverty of the former and dependence on the latter，The building supporting capitalist bet365 apuestas。If the development of modern bet365 apuestas cannot exceed 16、The capitalist world economic system that has gradually formed since the 17th century，Then，The gap between rich and poor and the unequal relationship will exist for a long time。

The trend of unlimited accumulation of capital，It also means that capitalism is extremely destructive to ecological resources。Capital in order to achieve value-added，Utilize global resources to meet the needs of the world market。Market economy is the allocation of resources on a global scale，In early modern times，Western colonists promoted plantation economy in America。In the period of primitive accumulation of capital，He does not hesitate to destroy the ecology，Exhausting the soil，Making the colony’s economy unsustainable。In Latin America，Due to the long-term implementation of a single plantation economy，After the former colony gained political independence，Long-term dependence on Western countries。Visible，The contradiction between the trend of unlimited accumulation of capital and the limitation of the material world，It is difficult for the capitalist economy and Western bet365 apuestas based on this economy to overcome。

　　Obvious characteristics bet365 apuestas times and class

Modern Western bet365 apuestas was mainly formed and matured during the development process of capitalism。In the struggle of the bourgeoisie against feudalism and absolutism, the ideas and ideologies of modern Western society gradually formed。The emphasis on people during the Renaissance，The Reformation negated the authority of the church and advocated personal beliefs，Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment for Science、rational、Exposition of progress，Formed the foundation of modern Western bet365 apuestas，They constitute the trend of bet365 apuestas and progress in the West (and even the modern world)。Even today’s postmodernists spare no effort in criticizing progress、Modernity manifested by rationality，They remain the foundation of fundamental ideas and values ​​in today’s society。

During the modern bourgeois revolution period, anti-feudalism was raised、Anti-authoritarian flag，Shout for democracy、Freedom、The slogan of equality，Practical Enlightenment thinkers build a new world、Thoughts bet365 apuestas New Society。The idea of ​​"sovereignty lies with the people" denies the divine right of kings and autocratic centralization，Make room for the bourgeois revolution to implement "democracy"；“Freedom” became the flag held high by the American people during the Revolutionary War；“Equality” is the clarion call that touches the hearts bet365 apuestas third class in France。After the French Revolution，The torrent of revolution rushed from France to other European countries、Towards Latin America and Asia，Democracy、Equality、Slogans such as freedom also spread around the world，And Westerners also promote them to the world as "universal" values。After more than two hundred years of dissemination，These values ​​and goals originated from a specific historical stage of European society，Already accepted by modern people。

From a historical perspective，These concepts have played a very revolutionary role in European society，It has also greatly inspired the people’s revolutionary fighting spirit in other parts bet365 apuestas world，Their revolutionary role is particularly prominent in the process of resisting the old ruling order。But，When building a new social order，Under different social, cultural and economic conditions，These concepts are relevant to different social classes and strata，often have different connotations，Obviously contemporary、Class and limitations。

For example in the United States，The pursuit of freedom was for a long time only the right of white men。The American Declaration of Independence declares: All men are created equal，Have inalienable rights，Which includes survival、Liberty and the right to pursue happiness。But，In the long period after the independence bet365 apuestas United States，“Human rights” does not refer to universal human rights，It refers to the rights of white male property owners。Indian rights ignored，Slavery was not abolished until the Civil War in the mid-1860s，Women’s rights were still ignored in the 20th century。Racial conflicts and gender discrimination continue to this day，It is still a chronic disease that is difficult to solve in American society。

It can be seen from this，Modern Western bet365 apuestas flaunts "universal values"，But in real society，No Western country can truly realize these principles。Tracing the origins of these “universal values”，We found，The closer to its source，The greater their revolutionary and theoretical significance in the process of opposing the old system and establishing a new society，But the social conditions for its implementation are becoming more restrictive。Between the “universality” of value and the limitations of capitalist society，There is always a tension。

Marx and Engels had already discovered the secret，They pointedly pointed out in "The German Ideology": "Every new class that attempts to replace the old ruling class，In order to achieve your own goals, you have to describe your own interests as the common interests of all members of bet365 apuestas，That is to say，The conceptual expression of this is: giving your thoughts a universal form，Depicting them as the only ones that are rational、Thoughts with universal significance。”Indeed，After the stormy revolution has passed，These "universal" principles are greatly reduced in reality，Reflecting obvious class attributes。

Visible，We cannot draw perfect conclusions from beautiful words alone，From the perspective of historical practice and current social conditions，These values ​​are also largely rhetoric。Of course，bet365 apuestas process of history，People have been working hard to promote the implementation of values ​​such as human rights, democracy, equality and freedom。

　　A community with a shared future for mankind represents the development direction of a new form of human bet365 apuestas

Although the forms of human bet365 apuestas are diverse，But in the contemporary world，Industrialization、Urbanization、Worldwide trends such as modernization and globalization are still spreading under the leadership of European and American countries，Different forms of bet365 apuestas，Actually active or passive，More or less influenced by Western bet365 apuestas，This is an indisputable fact。However，If you think that there will be only this kind of bet365 apuestas in the future world，In other words，Western bet365 apuestas will definitely absorb other civilizations and become a "universal" form，Maybe they think that the only way out for the future of all civilizations in the world is "Westernization"，That is too pessimistic。As mentioned above，Western bet365 apuestas itself, built on the rise and development of capitalism, is far from perfect，Capitalism has insurmountable contradictions，The unequal world economic system it has constructed is still far from the vision of a community with a shared future for mankind。Therefore，Beyond the Western modernization path and bet365 apuestas form，There should be a modernization path worth looking forward to and a more universal form of human bet365 apuestas。

Modernization is the only way for any nation with ideals to lead to the future，The ancient bet365 apuestas of China is currently relying on the Chinese-style modernization path，On the road to national rejuvenation。China’s modernization needs to learn from the industrialization of Western countries、Experiences of urbanization and modernization，But，The limitation of "Chinese style" determines that China's modernization cannot "copy and paste" the Western approach。On the one hand，Western modernization is not perfect，There are inherent flaws，It needs to be transcended。On the other hand，China has its own national conditions and conditions，Among the five characteristics of Chinese modernization，Except for the first point "huge population" which belongs to China's national conditions，Other four points，That is, common prosperity for all people、Coordinated development of material bet365 apuestas and spiritual bet365 apuestas、Human and nature coexist harmoniously，Both have the significance of transcending Western modernization and bet365 apuestas forms based on capitalist development，And，This also means that Chinese-style modernization will be a non-capitalist modernization path。

From this，We can understand the profound connotation of the "Global bet365 apuestas Initiative" proposed by Comrade Xi Jinping at the high-level dialogue between the Communist Party of China and world political parties on March 15, 2023，These initiatives are a summary of the history of world modernization、Understanding China’s national conditions and exploring the path of Chinese-style modernization，It is also a vision for the future of mankind，The goal is to build a community with a shared future for mankind。

　(The author is a chair professor at Nankai University)