The word "civilization" in Western language，It comes from the Latin Root "CIVI-" or "CIV-"，In the 16th century, European refers to elegant behavior，After that, it means extended，Refers to a orderly and orderly social state。Historical writings with the title of "History of Civilization" started from 18th century。Ferguson uses "civilization" as an abstract concept in its "History of Civilization Social History"，Compared with "barbaric"。1828-1830，When Kezo made an academic speech on the history of European civilization and the history of French civilization at the University of Somo，The "civilization" it refers to has a clearer moral value judgment。Since then，"Civilization" as a value indicator of social development was quickly accepted by the Western academic community，and opened the trend of compiling various types of civilization。Among them, the history of civilization named after "Europe"，It also includes the history of other civilizations in the country in Europe，Its overall intention is to show the superiority of the civilization of Europe (mainly referring to Western Europe)。

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The word "civilization" spreads and applies in Europe in the 18th to 19th century，Thanks to European countries represented by Britain and France at that time, in an era of rapid economic and social development。The first industrial revolution has significantly improved the productivity level of Western European countries，The production method has been greatly improved，Coupled with the mutual promotion of business and industry，Western Europe has gained a relatively advantageous position in the world in the creation of social wealth。Based on the history of civilization based on this social reality，It aims to explain the reason why Western Europe is strong，also gave birth to a linear progress view; and the historical resentment and real competition between Western European countries，Let this type of compilation also have a strong nationalist color，Especially Kizo's "History of European Civilization" (1828)、"History of French Civilization" (1829-1832) and Barkell's "History of British Civilization" (1857-1861) the most representative。

Keizo thinks，Civilization consists of two facts: on the one hand, the development of human society，On the other hand, the development of people's own。He focused on the perspective of society Bet365 lotto review in his history of civilization，Highlighting the "real and huge superiority" of modern European civilization。He believes to dominate Egypt、The political principles of the divine rights of Indian civilization and the domination of Little Asia、Syria Binhai、Ionia、The principles of force in Phoenicia and other places，Even the social principles of Greece and Roman civilization generally have a single nature。This characteristic leads to society's prone to stagnation。and modern European civilization is not like this at all。In politics，Modern Europe has given people all politics、Samples of all social organization experiments，Including the political and political affairs of the monarch、Divine Politics and Politics、Republican politics and noble politics。In terms of literature，The thought and feelings of modern Europe have considerable depth，"The soul of human beings has been changed deeper in more aspects"。

Affirm that the European civilization has "neither narrowly，The superiority of the continuous stagnation "，He also emphasizes France in 17、Europe in the 18th century in the dominant position。Britain and Spain as the main competitors in France at that time，is the object of comparison of Keizo。Although he admits that Britain has an advantage in obtaining freedom，But I believe that the monarchy and feudal aristocratic rule (political experiments) of the European continent (political experiments) are bolder than the United Kingdom，More open，As a result, political thought and political theory reached a higher level。He then believes that "the different development of civilization between the two places has a lot to do with this result"。other，Pure monarch system、Absolute power principles, although previously lived in Spain in Spain，Danzo pointed out，This principle later developed again during Louis XIV, France。Similarly，Free exploration in the 17th century British Shengji for a while，After developing it in France,。That is to say, they must use France to expand，This makes the French civilization with spreading characteristics。

Published its history of civilization for more than 20 years in Kizo，Barkel also published its multi -volume "History of British Civilization" with the theme of civilization history。It is exactly the same as Kizo's confidence in European civilization，Bacell divides civilization into two parts，One is European civilization，The characteristic is that naturally serving belongs to people; the second is non -European civilization，Features that people's service belongs to nature。He then Bet365 app download comes to the conclusion，That is "only in Europe，We can study the prosperity of its true civilization，and the reason why human thought overcome the power of nature "。If Kizo's self -confidence is mainly based on politics and culture，Then Barcell's self -confidence is mainly based on the scientific achievements of the UK and the manufacturing capabilities that have been greatly improved after the industrial revolution。

It seems to be intentionally arguing with Kizo，Buckle pointed out，The United Kingdom has achieved more lasting success in the last three centuries than other countries，So，The pinnacle of the development of human civilization is in the UK。To prove the superiority of the British civilization，Barker's focus compares the situation of France and Spain。He pointed out，France not only adopts many British political systems，And the most important events in French history have been affected by many Britain。The most obvious example is the French Revolution in 1789，The great figures who encouraged the people to resist the government are returning to China after learning many philosophical theories in the UK，Fang only produced a huge result。As for the obstacles of the Catholic Church in the development of the country，Bacell believes that you can "refer to the history of Spain，Because you can find the conservative results of those religious classes in the conservativeness of the religious class "。This can be seen，The history of civilization in the 19th century in Western Europe，To a large extent, it is highlighted to highlight the superiority of European civilization、Highlighting the most high -natured tools of the country。

　　History of European civilization of Chinese scholarsCompiled achievements and deficiencies

In the writings of European and American scholars during that period，"Civilization" means development and strong。Japanese scholars are also keen on translating and compiling various "history of western civilization" after the mid -19th century。early 20th century，Chinese scholars who have been in the "unscrupulous situation of thousands of years" have begun to vigorously translate the "History of Civilization" books from Japan，These activities are all taken away from backward、Pursue the meaning of strong。The works related to the theme of European civilization history were introduced earlier in China.、"History of World Civilization" and "History of Western Civilization" of Takayama Lin Jiro，and the "The Revolution of the History of Western Civilization" of Jiayong Fengji。"History of Civilization", the new historical body officially entered the Chinese science world。Bet365 app download Later，There are a large number of historical writings of European and American scholars being translated to China。

but，The history of world civilization written from the perspective of Chinese people for a long time is still rare。Zhang Guoren published the "History of World Culture" in 1932，Liu Wenming believes that the book may be the first world of world civilization in China。From the perspective of content，This book is covered in European Renaissance、On the basis of ideological and cultural history of religious reform，Discussing the academic ideological flow of academic ideas since the Tang Dynasty with a large length，and from the perspective of imperialist aggression, describing overseas colonial expansion activities in Britain and France and other countries，Different from the linear progressive discourse that is used to the history of the history of civilization in Europe and the United States。

Since the reform and opening up，Chinese scholars have increased significantly on the title of "History of Civilization"，The climax of the "History of World Civilization" once appeared，As Guo Shengming's "History of the World Civilization" (1989、2013)，"History of World Civilization" edited by Mark 垚 (2004、2005、2016), etc.，Shows the realm of observing the history of civilization from the view of materialism and the history of the world。The writing of "European Civilization" is also the ascendant.，Among them, the most representative is Chen Lemin、"Process of European Civilization" by Zhou Hong (2003、2014)。This book is inspected for a long time from the perspective of the history of civilization，Grasp the characteristics of modern European political culture、Idea liberation、Social Revolution、Core issues such as business and industrialization，Discuss the special causes and connotations of European civilization。Features of European civilization，Hou Jianxin systematically explained the "Yuan Rules" established in the mid -century in the "Middle Ages and European Civilization Rules" (2020)，That is property rights、Agreement of rights、program rights、Self -defense rights and life rights，and believe that these rules systems have profoundly affected the direction of European society。Shen Fuwei's "China and European Civilization" (2018) discussed the cultural exchanges between China and Europe from the perspective of interaction。other，Studies in the history of national civilization in Europe have also made new progress，"The History of British Civilization · General Theory" (2022), edited by Chinese and English scholars。In short，bet365 Play online games In recent years, Chinese scholars' discussions on European civilization issues have shown gradually deepening、The trend of diverse perspective and detailed content。

At the same time，The existing history of European civilization has some problems that need to be clear and continued to explore。First，How to understand the relationship between the history of civilization and the general history。As far as many world civilization history works are concerned,，still has a relatively distinctive history or textbook compilation characteristics。As the author of "History of the World Civilization" said，This book is based on the lecture on the lectures of the history department of colleges and universities over the years，Methods of Western scholars studying the historical development process of human society with overall views，Historical nature。The "History of World Civilization" edited by Markzheng is from the purpose of writing the history of the world，Written by civilization。Since the "history of civilization" itself has not developed a self -sufficient research paradigm，So，History of civilization is probably as a main way to write in history，still cannot be understood as a special field。Next，How to understand the relationship between civilization and culture。Since the "History of Civilization" in the early 20th century, since the translation of the work of "History of Civilization"，The translation of "civilization" is confused for a long time。Such as Barcell's "History of British Civilization", although it was translated as "History of Civilization" in the early days，But in 1936, Hu Zhaochun's translation was also translated as "History of British Culture"。and the 1980s，The "history of civilization" understood by Chinese scholars is mostly describing "related to the militarium、In addition to the affairs of the reason, "，Add more religion、Medicine、Literature and other traditional cultural history content。In some newly published books on the newly published civilized history,，There is also the writing of "ideological culture" as the main line of the history of civilization。Last，Narrowing of the narrative focus of regional civilization。Most of the "European Civilization" talks about Western European civilization，"British Civilization" often take England as the center。So，Understand "Civilization" under what context and perspective，Still is a topic that needs to be discussed。

　　Compiled the history of European civilization from a new perspective of human civilization

Historical materialism believes，Civilization is a matter of practice，It is the quality of society。In other words，Practice Bet365 lotto review affects people's understanding of civilization。Just as some scholars pointed out，The development of productive forces constitutes the power source of human civilization，Production relationship specifies the inherent order of human civilization，Production method is the fundamental scale of measuring the development of civilization。As a form of civilization，Different from the society and personal development that are not only concerned by scholars such as Kizo，It is also different from the type of civilization under the "history of civilization" represented by Tangyinbi，Instead, we must organically unify the cultural tradition and social form。So，The history of European civilization understood from the perspective of civilization，It is necessary to have a element that constitutes the European or national or national or national or national cultural genes，and the basic way to determine the spread of European civilization and communication; at the same time，It is also necessary to attach enough attention to the evolution of material production methods in European history，Because it determines the transformation and development of European civilization，It is the inherent basis of judging the "new" and "old" of civilization form。So，Civilized forms combined with cultural traditions and social forms may become the main trunk of the European history process。

Political Civilization，As a form of civilization，Including both material civilization、Political Civilization、Spiritual civilization，also includes social civilization and ecological civilization，It can be said that the perspective of observing the European history process is greatly expanded，and the new achievements in the academic community over the years can also be supported by a fusion discussion。For example，Human production methods under the dimension of material civilization have achieved a qualitative leap in modern Europe，Europeans use the infinite expansion vitality of capital，Give social productivity into social productivity，So I entered the capitalist era。The transformation of this production method makes "Class opposition is simplified"，At the same time, the social lifestyle has changed significantly，Topics that touches a variety of social history inquiry。other，The spiritual world of the lower levels of the big era in the history of the new cultural history，It can also become an important information that measures the degree and scope of the transformation and scope of civilization。Ecological environment problems brought by the change of production method，It has also become the focus of the attention bet365 best casino games of historians。So，This multi -civilized aspect may become the theme of discussing the European history process。

American historian Charles Bild pointed out，"History of civilization of one country，If the discussion is fine，It can become a means to promote the development of civilization "。For the Chinese world historian who writes the history of civilization for others，Should continue along the exploration road of European civilization characteristics based on the scholars of seniors，From the perspective of a new form of human civilization，Focus on analyzing the special economy of Europe、Society、Culture、The modern characteristics brought by ecological relations and political environment，Cracking "European Miracle"，Provides useful references for the construction of the modern civilization of the Chinese nation，better play the academic value and era value of the history of European civilization in the new era。

　　(Author is an associate professor at the School of History of the University of Chinese Academy of Social Sciences)