Liu Cixin's novel "Three Body" has risen in the West in recent years，Broadly media respected，Reading book for college classroom。According to Harvard University, Professor David Damrosch，The argument believes that Liu Cixin's work is translated through translation、Publishing、Communication and reading，The boundary of the local culture，step into the world cultural circle and reader group，Ascended the literary classroom and academic forum of European and American universities，Classic of becoming world literature。Establishing a classic is to cultivate a way of reading for world literature，A common appreciation method that surpasses our own time and space。French scholar Pascale Casanova believes，World Literature aims to build an independent literary republic，Aesthetic aesthetic standards with all seas。From this point of view，Liu Cixin's work is in line with the world，Credit literary and aesthetic standards in science fiction paradigm and genre，It can be compared with science fiction giant Asimov。There are also comments，Liu Cixin has reached the level of the masterpiece of Shakespeare or world literature，and appeared in Barak Obama Reading Flies。

These popular world literature views assume that "the world is flat"，Draw the world into trade fairness、Logistics freedom、Yima Pingchuan of cultural exchanges。This is a myth。I think Liu Cixin's honor does not explain that Chinese literature has become a world literature shared by everyone，and only got tickets to enter the Western Cultural Club。The dominated world literature concept imagine existence of a transcendence、The main body of the world，This main body travels the country，You can easily surpass gender easily、race、Country、Limits of Class and Region，Picking fat in the dazzling literary dishes in a wide range of scholarship，It seems to meet the goodness of the appetite in a large buffet restaurant in China and the West。Literature and teaching of European and American universities adds Asia -Africa's edge literary works into best -selling books and classrooms，It seems to be tolerant and open，Students have the opportunity to browse a variety of different places，But like a tourist Zhou Tour，It may not be able to open the mind、Criticism。This kind of classroom teaching in the horse seemed to be Bet365 lotto review very open，But often consolidate the world view of the Western center。

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Goethe and Marx also have the optimism of "the world is flat" for world literature。They think capital expansion、Global Trade、Commodity circulation，Can lead world literature beyond geography、National and national boundaries have become public assets in the world。Marx thinks，In the 19th century，Expansion of capitalist industry and market，While the labor and natural resources in the remote areas，The vision of world literature caused:

Self -sufficiency and retreat of the nation in the past，It is replaced by the mutual exchanges and dependence of all aspects of all aspects of all ethnic groups。The production of material is this，The production of spiritual production is the same。The spiritual products of various nations have become public property。The one -sidedness and limitations of the nation become increasingly impossible，So the literature of many ethnic groups and local literature formed a world of literature。("Communist Declaration")

but，The inequality pattern of the past colonial era has not been swept into the garbage dump of history because of globalization。Competition and confrontation of various countries、The structure of domination and dependence between the core countries and the edge zone is still continuing。In the accumulation of new liberal capital，Get natural resources from the edge areas，Destroy the ecological environment，Destrial of labor、Squeezing the economy，Simultaneous plundering their biological resources and gifts of nature，Convert it into capital products。Real world literature should be shared by people of all countries，mutual benefit，Meimei and the Communist Party，But what cannot be forgotten is whether the capital hegemony and cultural enterprises can be included in the inherent control of the World Literature Hall。

American scholar Franco Moretti believes，The surface integration of the capital world covers the extreme structural inequality，It is increasingly close to its core and peripheral areas，But the dominance and attachment relationship is increasing。This unequal rights relationship will inevitably be reflected in culture。Perspective for popular，Moriteti thinks，World Literature can not be regarded as a series of classic masterpieces，It is not a way of reading，Instead, it should be placed in the overall pattern of unequal political economy for inspection。To include more quantities Bet365 lotto review and types of non -Western text、It is impossible to achieve the goals of world literature through reading more foreign -exotic texts.，Must use different thinking frameworks to think about world literature。He thinks that thinking is not to explore the actual relationship between "things"，but the conceptual relationship between "problems"。World Literature is not a simple external phenomenon and process，Researchers should not only describe literary development、The status quo of communication。World Literature is a structural problem，A project project that requires new criticisms to explore。

Taking World Literature as a question to be discussed，Just to analyze、Doubt and criticism of unequal world reality，I call "critical world literature"。"Critical World Literature" certainly needs communication、Translation、Teaching、Classic，But the significance and strength of its criticality lies in exposing literary commodity、Landscape、The cruel dominance and slavery reality behind the formatting，That is, capital accumulation deprives labor、Get natural resources、Destroy the reality of community and economy。

　　Ecological literature as a breakthrough in the world's literature

Ecological criticism is the cutting -edge of "critical world literature"。Marx's criticism of capitalist production methods，In fact, it comes from ecological concepts，Focusing on labor、"Metabolism" between human survival and the earth。Western ECO (Ecological) The source of the ecology is Oikos in ancient Greece，Meaning to hold home wealth management，Maintain ecology。Modern word economy (economy) also contains this meaning，Represents human livelihood management、Resource production and allocation。Economic activities can meet the needs of human species survival by obtaining natural resources，Ecological criticism, exploring and understanding the interaction between people and nature、mutual benefit、Communication，Both of them can be described as two sides of a coin。Reasonable economic behavior，The relationship between the purpose of deploying and driving people and nature，Avoid excessive request and waste，Follow the metabolism、Circular organic ecological chain。Ecological Law is to try to maintain a sustainable balance between people and nature。

but，Over the past three centuries，The accumulation and expansion of the capital lead to the break of metabolism (Metabolic Rift)，Breaking the nutrients between bet365 Play online games people and nature、Organic circulation metabolism in energy and materials。First of all, the industrialization of agriculture destroyed land regeneration resources and traditional natural economy。Since then, the metropolis has become the center of industrial production，Rural withered。In the world economic geography that fell in the 20th century，North City becomes the center of capital finance，Southern to become a place for raw materials and cheap labor。This "integrated" of this global economy is loses the center and edge、Domination and affiliation of the north and south，The capitalist system will fall into an economic crisis instantly。From an ecological perspective，The world capitalist economy has clearly revealed that it is a catastrophic ecosystem -a break between production and nature，The devastating political ecosystem of natural resources and the surplus value of the labor (POLITICAL ECOLOGY)。

If world literature is really global，Then you need to directly look at the inequality relationship between the center and the edge、Honggou in the South and the North。World Literature should criticize colonial capital expansion in history to incorporate the edge area into its system，Break the ecological environment of the edge colony and the historical reality of the human environment。Today，Break the ecological environment of the edge colony and the historical reality of the human environment。So，Ecological literature can become a "critical world literature"，Unveiled、Criticizing the alienation of the capitalist system、Evil results of alienation labor。

　　Ecological criticism of questioning of human center theory

The question of ecological criticism of the human center theory is a breakthrough point of criticizing world literature。Popular world literature concepts depend on ideological inheritance and long Liberal Humanism (Liberal Humanism)。This tradition focuses on the modern enlightenment subject，Advocating individual independence and growth mode，Advocate the expression of original imagination and true feelings in art。Humanism is generally regarded as the banner of modern and cultural revolution，It breaks the order with the past and the order of feudal ancestors，In the era of globalization, it was promoted to cross -cultural、Universal imagination and demands of cross -borders。

but，Ecological criticism and "Human Centerism" tit -up，Practicing the narrow prejudice contained in free humanism under the logic of capital accumulation logic、arrogance and hegemony、bet365 best casino games European center theory and enlarged national state theory。European center theory and enlarged national state theory，Personal growth as the center of gravity。Typical novels such as Dickens' "David Coppofe"，Novel narrative is completely embedded in the early Victorian cultural and social atmosphere，Describe the atmosphere of that era、Class and Gender，presents the political and local customs of the British Empire。Individual self -image in modern novels is often rendered into a universal individual image，But in fact, these individuals are far from being eligible to become world citizens。Because，The self of humanism is still in the tradition and narrow value system of the native native of this country，And those popular "Enlightenment" and "Free" main person settings，Foreigners and women are often regarded as aliens，Trending creatures and nature other than humans can be seized as wantonly、profitable resources。

Colonial history display，Individuals of humanism are not an image with the world as their own。Although this kind of individual is looking at the world，Roaming Four Seas，But it is actually an adventurer、Different ground explorers、Broker、Traders、Venture Investors。The journey of the world that drives him is the interests and expansion of the capital consortium，Often still requires imperialist ships to protect them for escort。The global expansion of capital is a pusher and a backing of liberal individuals。The footprints of these roamers are all over the End of the End of the World，Plundering local nature and human resources。

but，The capitalist world is impossible，I am also unwilling to surpass its inherent one -sidedness and limitations。The world today is far from a world that is open to everyone。This world circles the areas and resources outside the center into a private small courtyard high wall，Open for some people，Close most people。Global expansion of capital is based on the inferiority and low order of labor division of labor，ruled by the Capital Finance Center、Democratic edge zone。Strong countries seize natural resources from the disadvantaged countries and regions from the edge，Destrial of labor，In addition to economic exploitation, it has also destroyed the local traditional economy and community traditional culture。This leads to the issue of "ecological colonialism"。Chen Yifan's "Wild Tide" describes ecological colonialism in Asia、African bet365 live casino games -owned Development Edge Zone，Get natural resources with violence and invasion，Plording labor，Control crude oil and minerals，Pour toxic pollutants，Destroy the environment and plagiarize biological genes。All this caused a world of tearing and inequality。

World Literature must have real worldbirth，Must break the traditional human center theory，Criticive Western Center in the Humanities Lord。So，Ecological criticism can become a breakthrough of world literature。Ecological criticism covers the time and space of ecological criticism surpassing human and earth history，Poor Biwi Falling Huangquan，The problem involved is the climate change and survival crisis that humans worldwide urgently need to cope with。Ecological perspective penetrates into the earth and everything is all categories，Pay attention to the association between people and biological systems with the fate of breathing。Climate、Air、Plants、Mountains and Laws and Hostus Wanfen，It is the vast background and context of ecological literature。Comparison of comparison，The perspective of humanism is very narrow。All things in the world are only the utilitarian of people、Development vision is only meaningful，Natural environment is just the background of the development of social environment and civilization。Ecological discussions against it，It does not think that the characters and social life in the novel are just the evolution of civilization itself、Pure social existence、Politics products。These humanistic frameworks are in ecological vision，It's just a drop in the sea in the sky，One of the number of Ganges sand numbers。

Now，Ecological and climate change has become a dilemma that humans must face together。Criticism of science and technology hegemony，Disposal the environmental deterioration of capitalist production and consumption、Social tear、Gap the rich and the poor、Survival anxiety，These are the main positions of "critical world literature"。Chen Yifan's "Wild Tide" describes the garbage struggle between the poor and the rich，He received from Thailand、South Africa、Feedback from readers in India and American，After reading his novel, you can understand your own complex situation，Resonates with strangers from far away，and even changing your own living conditions。This is a good example of "critical world literature"。

"Critical World Literature" must explain alternative imagination and vision，Create a new type of space in practice、New Society、Bet365 app download International relations and subjectivity。The world is not a space and time that can be successfully defined at one time，but a cognitive process、The process of practice，Continuous discussion、Interactive、Created project。Although various cultures and traditions have the opportunity to speak in circulation，But the works with criticisms should reveal the disadvantages and crisis of the world led by capital，Imagine and shape another world outside the capitalist world。Chinese literature is going to the world，Before striving for the right to speak。To fight for the right to speak，Not only should you promote local culture、Insession with the world，More importantly, to examine the history of local culture，Discover the inner power，Imagination and creation of a different from the real world、More open and diverse world。

　(the author is a professor of the Department of East Asia and Culture and the Department of Comparison of the Department of Literature of Stanford University)