"World Literature" concept has been re -activated and accepted in the past two or three decades，Most of them are related to the development of politics and economy.，It is still a balance between culture，or reflection on globalization。In the context of globalization，World Literature is a key term。The concept history can be traced back a long time ago: Goethe is proposed by the opposite mode of the growing nationalism that is growing at that time。World Literature advocated in his later years，It aims to reveal that pure national literature is outdated，Like world culture or world politics，The era of world literature is coming。With the end of the Cold War and the accelerated globalization process，The concept of world literature has gained a new practical significance。But，Today's "inflation" use of this concept，I often do not think，It will inevitably lose it qi。From the discussion of world literature，It is not only the main research object of contemporary comparative literature，Globalization itself also requires a new interpretation of this concept。World Literature and Globalization Interconnection，things related to globalization and globalization，It may be helpful to knowing world literature。

　　Bet365 app download

When people talk about "globalization"，Generally, you will think of the development since the 1980s，Especially new information and communication technology，or the world's free world free trade。But，"Globalization" actually exists for a long time，At least it can be said，The fact of globalization has a long history。It Bet365 app download is closely related to the origin of modernity，This was obvious in the 19th century。Globalization means interconnection，Beyond the national world line。In other words: as a historical phenomenon，"Globalization" phenomenon earlier than this word。"Globalization" is mainly borrowed from the social science discourse of the 1990s，and quickly become the key concept of the times，and always very fashionable。

The word "globalization"，What reminiscents are different ideas that explain the world，It is different experienced phenomena and life scenes。No doubt，Economic and Social ideas and theory are dominant。It showed a strong momentum after the collapse of the "old world order" in the late 1980s，New pattern pointed to geopolitics，The interweaving process of the economy。But，Globalization passion at the "Earth Village"，Not only found in the field of society bet365 best casino games and economic fields，In culture, especially in the field of literature，Phenomena related to globalization can also be seen everywhere。Literature and art also span the territory、Tightly connected，For example, information society and knowledge society，New space concept，Aesthetic and cultural miscellaneous phenomena，Of course, there is also the pursuit of cultural hegemony, etc.。

The overall phenomenon of globalization is the same，Globalization of Culture is also an intricate process，with many contradictions，There is a different scope and way of expression, respectively，No accurate logo。Humanities and cultural fields have a strong interest in globalization，It is also analyzing the development momentum of various phenomena，Try to grasp the entire development status。What is the situation of literature in globalization? What is its prerequisite for participation or reaction?，The role of literature as the leading medium of culture has long suffered a lot of damage，But literature has also begun to examine the semantics of cultural globalization。In the context of globalization，Discussion on World Literature has been re -activated since the 1990s，Many new world literature ideas have appeared。

Re -thinking about the concept of world literature in the evening，Mainly occurred in the United States，such as David Damrosch、Franco Moretti、Exploration of Emily Apter and others。other，And Pascale Casanova。But，International discussion on world literature，It seems that it has entered a new stage，People are no longer enthusiastic about developing new ideas，Instead, more and more reflection on existing thoughts，link it together，Carefully check the prerequisite for various world literary theories or hidden or present，Digging its inner dimension that is almost not valued。

Globalization often label with contempt "American" or "standardization"，This is the result of the crazy expansion of new liberalism or advanced capitalism。In the discussion on cultural globalization，There is a very popular saying，The American culture that believes that the continuous strong spread is the Western culture to other countries、Extraction of the culture of region and continents，"McDonald'sization", "Coca -Cola" or "McWorld Formatization" that leads to the world that people often call the world。These claims naturally have a strong cultural pessimist color。If the colorfulness of our planet is the premise of world literature，Then you must ask: in today's era of Americanization and globalization，Where is the world literature?

For the world's literary ideals that have already Bet365 lotto review existed in the Earth Village，Does globalization create unprecedented necessary prerequisites on a large scale? or，Globalization brings threats，Cultural centralization and standardization of rapid advancement will secretly eclipse world literature，For example, Erich Auerbach, a German Chinese literature and comparative writer, was worried and conjecture in 1952: "On this specified earth，Only one kind of literary culture、Even in a short period of time, some literary languages ​​can be spared，but maybe only one literary language can survive soon。In this case，World Literature Thought was destroyed when it was realized。"(" Language of World Literature ")

Olbach's point of view is clear: if everything should become global (at least in his eyes: homogeneous)，What is the meaning of the word "World Literature"? In other words: In the era of globalization，Is there any world literature?

　　What is the concept of Goethe?

Discussion "World Literature" (Germany: Weltlotratur，British: World Litors)，People generally start with Goethe，known as "Goethe Concept"。Actually before Goethe，The word "World Literature" is in August Schl? 觟 Zer、Christoph Wieland、August Schlegel (August Schlegel) appeared。As far as possible，Johann Gottfried Herder also has related discussions。But，This concept came out of the German territory and went to the world。He talked with Ekman on January 31, 1827: "Nothing is nothing now，It's the era of world literature。”

"World Literature" mentioned in 1790，means "metropolitan taste" and so on，Used to describe those who are knowledgeable。Since 1827，Goli in its editor -in -chief "Art and Ancient"，Talking about this concept many times; after 1827，The concept of World Literature has a strong Gogde Seal。The main meaning he gives this concept is the spiritual spirit of multinational worldism，Although he talked about world literature at the time，mainly refers to Italy、UK、Scottish and French literature。He thinks，Literature of understanding other nations can promote the understanding of the nation，This understanding is very modern，It still has its practical significance to this day。

Goli was interested in exotic culture and religion as early as his youth，For example, studying the Coca Jing, the Old Testament and Shakespeare，Profitting spiritual exchanges between different nations。Historical drama "Iron Hand Knight Gez Von Belley Henu" (1773) and the novel "The Troubles of Junior Vit" (1774) made him famous at home and abroad，This also weakened his patriotism，The beginning of its concept of world literature。For historical reasons，His world literature thought Bet365 app download is closely related to the development of the times: after the Napoleonic War，The new political and economic order in Europe has brought convenience to literature and ideological exchanges，New development of technology，Such as a train、Quick Post、Ship and other means of transportation，Make the occurrence of world literature inevitable。This historicity of the concept of world literature is that Goethe attaches great importance to，But it is often the comparative writers today。

The authority of contemporary literature theory in Germany、Dieter Lamping, an expert in Goethe, put forward in his discussion of "The idea of ​​World Literature: Goethe's Thinking and his Tengda Career" (2010)，Various realistic use of this concept limits the scope of Goge's thoughts: not pointing to capitalism、Post -colonial era，refers to the era of globalization。Do you have to do this，It's really doubtful。At least today's understanding of world literature is not Goethe -style。Only this word with Tengda career，instead of Goethe's thought。Annem Bohnenkamp (Complete Works of Goethe's Works and Letters and Talks "also thinks，This term used by people today，Most of the "almost have no common imagination with Goethe's concept"。

"World Literature" said in Goette，Not all literature at that time，Not a classic text of various national literature，But different nations "understand each other，Understand each other，Literary communication that can at least tolerate mutual tolerance even if you can't love each other "。In addition to understanding and knowing outside the domain writers and works，Goethe pays more attention to the direct interaction between writers of different ethnic groups、Mutual visit and face -to -face conversation，See He is present，This is the real literary communication in his eyes，Also media (this was a book at that time、Newspaper or letter) Can't reach。Lanping thinks，This is the fundamental difference between Ge De's views from future generations; later generations say world literature，"First refers to text，Often is the only text，I almost don't talk about interpersonal communication "。This is particularly worthy of aftertaste in our new media era。

The world literature expected by Goethe is "international communication and mutual acceptance"，Is a phenomenon、A attitude、A behavior。World Literature Behavior is the "spiritual trade" he likes to say，That is the external communication that people often say today。According to his meaning，World Literature should be understood as a writer's mutual understanding，Volunteer people can play a social role，Do something in literature。This interpretation bet365 live casino games of the concept of Goethe，It is almost a consensus at the Gogde expert or the concept history of "World Literature"; but in the outside world，Especially the English world talks about the leader of world literature，There are also followers of the third world，It seems that I do n’t understand or is unwilling to see the historical semantics of the concept of Goethe，So often play freely according to your imagination。

Willerk's interpretation of the concept of "World Literature" in "Literature Theory"，Is a very typical example。He said: "He [Gol] uses the name" World Literature "that it is expected to have a one -day country literature that will be together。This is an ideal of unifying the literature of various ethnic groups to become a great complex，and each nation will play its own voice in such a global big ensemble。but，Goethe himself also see，This is a very distant ideal，No nation is willing to give up its personality。"" World Literature " from later concepts，This statement is still alive，But the "World Literature" used by Ge De is unreliable，That can only be Willer's reverie，or "One Compartment Wish"。

　World Literature VS. National Literature

Colonial expansion of European countries is popular all over the world，European literature has gained a model meaning，Almost only the great writers in European culture and their works can be regarded as world literature，People focus on the literature of the "center" in Europe，This can also be seen in Goethe。World Literature Classics for a long time is determined by the European Center，This mechanism has greatly affected it to this day。The status of the book market and the usual translation practice has determined this: it has not been translated into a European language work，I did not get the opportunity to be recognized as world literature。Who will explain and use world literature concepts，Who is determining the connotation and meaning of this concept。About "Beauty" and "Valuable" Literature Western Concept，I have been still around the literary world。This is also fully reflected in the awards of the Literature Award、The choice of translation works and literary criticism。World Literature imagination developed during the formation period of the early 19th century.，Its starting point is that the ability of literary creation is the common talent of human beings。"World Literature" and "National Literature" are almost born at the same time。"National Literature" emphasizes differences，This is also a reason to divide various national literature; "World Literature" pays attention to the connection of all literature。So，Among national literature and world literature are not logical two points，bet365 live casino games It should be understood as complementary，They highlight the different aspects and characteristics of literature。This is not a problem for the second choice of world literature or national literature，but world literature that exists in national literature。In other words，Not being placed next to ethnic literature or above，but can only be realized in national literature。If the concept of world literature does not care about the communication between various national literature，Instead of placing world literature next to ethnic literature，Then it has nothing to do with Goethe’s world literary concept。

Current，​​The concept of world literature occupies the center of "Global Literation"，This is first related to contemporary literature that is no longer based on national operations。For literary research，This means to a large extent that bid farewell to the comparative practice of national literature in the past。Different so -called Goethe's world literature concepts that have repeatedly boasted with European centralism in the past，People start to find the positive significance of the worldist tradition of Gosett concept for globalization.。World literature concepts admired by many places in the world today，Not only is it intention to describe the world that changes the globalization，And aspirations to intervene in critical intervention，Just as the UNESCO strives to，Dedicated global reasonable allocation of human cultural heritage。

Today's world literature concept includes two views that are not always clear in methodology，The definition of quality and quantity: either defines "world literature" as "boutique"，A work is worthy of being included in world literature，The key is the artistic value of the excellent work and its impact on the development of literature in the world;，It sounds general and neutral。But the principle of the latter definition is too broad，Perhaps it is just fantasy，There are too many literary works that need to be evaluated。The starting point of the definition of quality is，Only the international communication of one work，Not enough to support the attributes of its world literature。World literature should be the total combination of human experience and characteristics、Gathering of superior work，"World Literary Classic" based on standard value judgment。The superior work of widely spread is generally regarded as world literature，The language presented by the work、Society、Politics and other phenomena，To some extent, it is related to everyone living on the earth。At least the ideal situation，World Literature is the globalization。But what works when you Bet365 lotto review encounter can be counted as a question of world literature，This concept is not easy to deal with。Besides, it is necessary to take care of the conditional conditions determined by the characteristics of specific works and regional characteristics。So，Based on "Classic", "World Literature" is not no problem。

The opinion of different nations and people on the meaning of specific literature，Depending on different cultures。For example，Except for experts or students in special fields，Chinese Literature、Indian literature or African literature almost no one pays attention to the West，Based on the perspective of Europe and the United States, the significance and value of these literature is not easy。Reach consensus that is generally recognized in the scope of generally recognized，It is confirmed which works can be attributed to world literature，It is not easy。No matter what，French comparative writer René? 魪 TIEMBLE) proposed to do fundamental corrections of world literature after World War II，Criticism judges that world literature is European centralism，It still has its practical significance today。

　　(The author is a specially appointed professor of the School of Arts of Beijing Normal University、Academician of the Academy of Sciences of the European Academy of Sciences)