Similar to the interview method，Observation method in field research is also an important research method。Researchers observe the situation by comprehensively and meticulously，Collect all kinds of information in the field，Therefore, there is a overall grasp of the research object。But，From the perspective of research status，Many researchers often bring the observation method in the research and design link，In the data analysis link, it is just simply presenting some observations and discoveries。I don’t know，This invisibly weakened the actual effectiveness of the observation method，This article is based on the main points of the Observation Method，By expanding its sociological imagination to re -activate its potential unique advantages。

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From the perspective of academic history，Only use observation method to collect materials to carry out academic creation works.。Researchers will comprehensively adopt various methods in field research to collect information，But obvious，The interview method is very popular because of the advantages of collecting more information in the short term，Observation method plays at most auxiliary characters，For example, researchers observe the lack of authenticity of the interview information or the lack of supplementary interview materials。We don’t deny this view，But if you just know you at this level，Then it will cover the unique advantages of observation method。Today's current research method is diversified，bet365 best casino games We need to re -examine the traditional method of observation method，Activate its potential through methodological reflection。

Compared with other research methods，Observation method has at least four advantages。One，Effectively reduce the observer effect。No contact -type observation conducted by researchers can reduce the alertness of the visitors，Observe the other party's conversation and manner，Guarantee experience phenomenon can be fully presented。Its two，Easy to collect unspeakable information。Researchers use the threshold of observation method to be relatively low，It can even achieve more effort on some topics，For example, some important information is not asked，Instead of seeing，This just corresponds。Its three，Detecting the facts of the facts。Researchers use the results of natural observation as an important side evidence for testing the respondent，Identification of authenticity or lack of replenishment of facts。Four，Focus on research topics as soon as possible。The first thing that researchers can do after entering the field is to observe the field as soon as possible，Collect information with wide -angle ideas，Gradually narrow the scope of the research topic on the basis of data analysis。

　　Observation method as a scientific method

Researchers need to observe the field in all aspects after entering the scene，More information should be collected as much as possible before the topic。other，Do not bring any preset at first，Instead of using a wide -angle focus，From the full observation at the beginning to the later focusing observation。Duoyi and the focus of narrowing are the basic essentials of observation method。But，As a scientific method observation method，bet365 Play online games It is by no means a daily observation of a horse -looking style，Instead, there is a set of scientific and standardized operating processes。

The first matter is to formulate a suitable observation outline。Outline guides the scope of observation objects，It mainly includes the following four aspects。1 is the field environment，Researchers after entering the scene，To record the geographical location of the field、Pay attention to the important logo in the field，For example, the slogan posted on the announcement wall、banner or even some file publicity。Second, all kinds of people in the field，Including their appearance、Age、Gender and posture language, etc.。Third is to observe their behavior，Including their expressions and actions。Fourth is the situation of the incident，The situation includes the cultural background of the respondent，Also includes important others present，The respondent may change speech and behavior because of important others。We refine the above four themes into "6W"，Who is it (who)，Where is the time?，What is the motivation for doing things (why)。With "6W"，Everyone knows what to observe after entering the field。

The second item is collecting complete observation information。Information can be a field note written by researchers，It can also be the audio file of the image or recorded。Update with scientific and technological means，We can collect rich and diverse video information。Generally speaking，The information formed through the observation method includes on -site observation notes、Personal observation notes、Observation method notes and observation theoretical notes。On -site observation notes refers to the researcher's record of his observation content，Bet365 app download Including the matters you see and the annotations around matters; personal observation notes refer to the feelings and experiences of the researchers' observation of observation matters; ; Observation theoretical pen refers to the preliminary theoretical analysis of the researchers around the observation data。On -site notes are records of original observation materials，The theoretical notes are the improvement and summary on the basis of this，Personal notes can be incorporated into the survey report as an appendix afterwards to enhance the authenticity of the survey，Method notes is also to respond to the question of future reviewers on the research process。The above four types of notes are only divided by the people who need to analyze the need，It is often entangled in field observation。It is the mutual support of four types of notes，Observation method has a solid foundation。

　　Insert the wings of imagination for observation

The above is the general content of the observation operation，But，To truly play the effectiveness of the observation method，You need to insert the wings of imagination for it，means that the observation process is reflected at the methodology level，Re -view the selective effect on observation data on the observation process。In fact，Existing textbooks have done some discussions on this topic，For example, according to the depth of the degree of the researcher involved in the field，Divided the observation method into participating observations and non -participating observations。The former refers to the deep intervention of the researcher，Observe the field through the all -round contact with the respondent; the latter refers to the researchers who basically do not intervene in the field，Just as a bystander to observe the field。Two types of observation Bet365 lotto review types each profit and disadvantage，The information collected by the participating type observation is deep，But may face the influence of the observer effect，Data from non -participating observations is objective，But may stay on the surface。This kind of discussion is actually very important，Methodism on the observation process can help researchers to effectively avoid the selective bias of data collection。​​Next，This article is further extended from the two angles of researchers and the respondent。

First，From the perspective of researcher，Careful treatment of observation and penetration theory。Observation and penetration theory refers to the premise of the researcher's premise on the actual actual impact of various potential effects generated by the observation process。These presets include theoretical presets and experience presets: theoretical preset refers to the theoretical tendency of researchers to produce a selective deviation on the observation process，Intentionally or unintentionally delete observation information that is unfavorable to yourself and only retain the information that is good for yourself; experience the gender of the researcher、Education level、Social status and even social experience also produce a selective bias for the observation process。Observation process includes object recognition、Process judgment and understanding: Object recognition refers to the objects that researchers tend to observe certain types of objects and ignore other types of objects; the process determines that observer will deliberately highlight it when observing certain phenomena when observing a certain phenomenon. In some aspects of the other aspects of it; understanding Bet365 lotto review the error refers to the observer's understanding of the observation object may be separated from the meaning of the observation information itself。

2，From the perspective of the respondent，Be alert to the generation of the observer effect。Observer effect refers to the observer to consciously change his words and deeds due to the observations to cater to researchers。This effect is divided into two aspects: the first is the observation scene deliberately created by the gatekeeper in the field，Seemingly real and comprehensive but not reflect the truth; the second is that the interviewed people consciously make a move that meets the scene because of the key figures，This effect is mostly from the social sensitivity of researchers。For these problems，Some researchers often use a practical strategy，Solve the above problems by extending the time of the survey and strengthening the trust between each other。These methods have a certain effect，If we have a sober understanding of the observation process from the beginning，Not only the information observed，It is necessary to review the potential effects of the observation process on observation data，Then it can reduce the error caused by selective deviation。

Compared with the interview method，Observation method does not show mountain dew，Researchers are comprehensive in natural situation、Details and in -depth observation of field scenes and words and deeds of various characters，This is its biggest advantage。As long as we are proficient in observation method and have a way to reflect on the observation process, consciousness，You can achieve fields in your heart，Fields everywhere。Of course，We can’t infinitely exaggerate the advantages of observation method because of this，Because in social science research，bet365 best casino games No best way，Only ways to match the problem。

(This article is a special issue of "Chinese Social Talking System Construction Research" in Wuhan University with Chinese characteristics and social science discourse system construction.

(Author Unit: School of Social College Wuhan University)