Jacques Commaille

Senior researcher at the Institute of French Institute of Political Social Sciences，Professor Rongxiu, Sacley Higher Normal University in Paris，Stanton Weiller Law and Social Mandrers Award Champion，Students of the late French thinker Raymond Alon and French sociologist Pierre Budier。The research direction is legal sociology、Decision Social Science、Social transformation，Representative works include "Transformation of Political Rules in the 18th Century", "Transformation of Political Rules", "What are the laws? 》。

Based on observation of Western society，It can discuss the uncertainty faced by its social and political regulation and explore the meaning of this uncertainty。This is the purpose of analyzing the system effect between the knowledge system and the political regulation system。

First，Analysis of the process of entering the uncertain history of the knowledge system。In the manuscript of a work that is being promoted，I try to compare people’s way of thinking about the law and the way of thinking about society and nature。Through comparison，I observed the amazing similarities between these three areas of knowledge。It is particularly worth noting that the de -sacred process that is gradually appeared。In the face of "truth" that has been established or upcoming，Research shows that the construction of society cannot be separated from various external factors，This is also the inherent power of knowledge。Thomas Kun、Bruno Latur and Steve Woolga have all emphasized，"Those philosophers and sociologists who have studied science have also questioned the complete neutrality of bet365 live casino games hard science or natural sciences。In fact，Research in all scientific fields occur in a specific social background，And how these social environment affects the concept of being accepted as part of the existing or new paradigm "。During the transition from the historical period to the uncertainty period，The new concepts of these relevant knowledge systems gradually form，Some scholars call it from "modernity" to "postmodernity".。

In fact，The transition from the era of certainty to the uncertain era of uncertainty is unprecedented。In the era of certainty，"Scientific victory and chaos becomes the endorsement of the times ... Science is convincing like God"。Here I quote a historian who studies science、The words of philosophers and sociologists。In the era of uncertainty，The product of science and society is "commonly produced"，We have observed that the way of thinking about society is experiencing such a huge change。This transition process brings new meta -narrative and prominent macro theory，and try to find the meaning of the development of the world。This is actually a change，Considering the complexity of the logic of things increasingly，This transformation is getting more and more obvious。Personally start to think that it is not only the subject，At the same time, also participate in the entire process。

In the context of a great change in such a knowledge system，The way of thinking about the law is no exception。Those from top -down truths trying to put in "society"，It is exactly destroyed by this beginning that has become generally worried。In judicial activities and the way of thinking about the law，The "society" that was once ignored -although it was once considered to be the source of pollution "law" -start to occupy the dominant position，and gradually become the "component part of the law"。In these three fields，is about nature、In the field of Bet365 lotto review knowledge in society and law，We can say that "society" is no longer regarded as the result of knowledge production，"Society" is no longer a variable variable，It participates in reform。Changes in the status of "Social" start to deny the self -pointing characteristics of knowledge，This is what we want to face in the uncertain history period，changes in the status of "society"。"Society" is no longer a result，Individual or public is no longer passive when facing the knowledge production method，Because knowledge produces originated from its own logic and its inevitability。Individual or public began to get involved in the production of these three knowledge areas.，Because the individual is active，Individual and society Beginning to build this knowledge area，Individual is the interests of the interest。

System research discovery，The knowledge system has significant features in the period of certainty and uncertainty。These remarkable features also exist in the factors that represent the political regulation system，This is exactly what Michelle Foucault emphasizes。Foucault thinks，The point is not to understand which force has exerted an impact on science，Instead, you can figure out the power effect conveyed by the scientific statement。Foucault thinks，Knowledge is not independent of power。Power and knowledge are directly associated: if you build a field of knowledge without correspondingly，It is impossible to have a power relationship; if the presets are preset and build power relationship，There will be no knowledge。Foucault thinks，System effects are widely existed in the change of the knowledge system and the inner vitality of the knowledge。The way they interact，The mainstream and respected values ​​and cultural status of society in the context of special historical backgrounds，It also includes the "legal -political matrix" bet365 best casino games model of Foucault's so -called society during its specific change period。Foucault thinks，Knowledge depends on "Law -Political Matrix"，At the same time, it also participates in constituting "Legal -Political Matrix"。If we admit that this system effect is existing，So the challenge during this uncertainty will be the establishment of a new "legal -political matrix"，And this must take into account the changes in society and the people’s wishes and expectations。In short，Reconstruction and updating the requirements and wishes of public participation conditions，The huge changes in the relationship between the public and knowledge。

Just as in nature、Social and Law three knowledge areas showed，In the period of certain historical period，The status of knowledge is inseparable from social and political regulation，That is, the top -down regulation。This view is rooted in the world's hyper -verdial expression，The root cause is exactly the religious emotion that shows。This religious emotion also exists in the way of thinking about "law" and establishes "rationality"，It also inspired "scientific" "hypertependence certainty"。It is also reflected in the way of thinking about society，and show the nostalgia of religion in a vague way，It also shows the mad pursuit of alternatives to realize a pyramid -type worldview，The only way to protect social cohesion。This kind of relationship with religion is more obvious through legal science。Because，Dogo never stay away from，It represents "basic truth" and verifies the authenticity of religion。Some legal theories weaken all forms of doubts，Social presentation of this way of thinking is one of the main characteristics of a certain historical period。This is based on the beneficiaries of individuals as scientific and technological progress or the subject of social governance and political regulation。

Just as "legal subject"，It can be understood Bet365 lotto review as a component of the rules specified from top to bottom，or obey benefits from education、Progress in the fields of information and communication，The relationship between the public and knowledge has changed，These changes also appear in the law、Social and Natural thinking methods。This is a new structure，Simple sender -the recipient cause and effect has changed，Instead, the relationship between the public gradually becomes the dialogue，The process of trying to participate in production knowledge。In this process，These behaviors will produce different previous effects，The public keeps seeking knowledge，Even the dialogue who discusses its benefits or harm。An active participant of the individual or the public as the active participant of the production of knowledge not only means the awakening of the knowledge producer consciousness，At the same time, it also reflects the public's own urgent desire。The public has the power to change those knowledge production methods that belong to them，That is, with the help of scientific institutionalization and social policy、Power of Economic and Culture。The arrival of uncertain historical period prompts a new relationship between the public and knowledge。This occurs in the process of social political regulation and a wider phenomenon -the relationship with knowledge and the relationship between politics。Facing the idea of ​​"making science into the public"，The problem that the need to solve the need to break with the aristocracy in science or knowledge production is to explore the new method of building a new "legal -political matrix"。The concept of John Dewey, a famous American practical philosopher, gives ideas。He thinks，It should provide a certain amount of resources to the public、Commodity、Method、Training、Equipment，Give it "ability to produce knowledge independently"。The famous sociologist Yulgen Habermas, a famous bet365 best casino games sociologist in Frankfurt, Germany, also mentioned this new "legal -political matrix"。He thinks，Political Legalization is based on the "cross -crossing crowds participating in decision -making and crowds who accept the rules"。Let's take a look at Piel Rosanwaron's thinking about the change in his work，He cleverly discussed the form of the public more participating in political regulation。Actually，This is the adjustment of the relationship between the public and knowledge brought about by the "legal -political matrix" change。

Compared to the certainty historical period，We believe that the arrival of uncertainty historical period，More challenging the future of Western society。Social development will never follow a certain one -way principle，but the result of the conflict。System effects between the Western Social Knowledge System and the Political Regulatory System，Especially after entering the uncertain historical period，Not a bright future。It also faces many threats。These threats may go back to some ... Determine threats，Among them, knowledge production or related to "legal -political matrix"，It is likely to embark on another new authoritarian political order。The purpose is to turn science into a tool for this new political order，Tools to evolve science into service politics，Or becoming an unrealistic activity due to the political order of the illusion。Fake news and conspiracyism entered another extreme of relativity，Make various knowledge production questioned。Especially when this method is clear or implicitly mentioning "science"，These threats may also adopt a form of reconstruction of political order，Emphasize to beautify politics through the supervision of society，and obtain protection with science and technology。Under the influence of economic logic，This may be another manifestation of the growing demand for "society" autonomy bet365 best casino games and the relative expression of political regulation，The purpose is to seize the opportunity to ensure the maximum interest。

This kind of reflection on the relationship between the political regulation system and the knowledge system，Highlighting such a fact in any case，Research found that knowledge will not only have an impact in the field within its own range，At the same time, it can also affect the society that is changing or intended to change。This is for Western society，Is a very valuable。