Ox，One of the six traditional Chinese animals，"Eat grass，What is squeezed out is milk", "I bow my head and am willing to be a ox" and other famous quotes reflect the historical facts and spirit of his silent dedication to mankind。China is a large agricultural country and an ancient country，Agricultural culture has a long history，bet365 coupon code farming、Buffalo plays a prominent role in rice agricultural production；China has vast grassland pastures，Nomadic culture has a long history，bet365 coupon code and yaks play an important and unique role in pastoral areas and extreme environmental conditions。

　Types of bet365 coupon code

Pleistocene Period Paleolithic Age，Wild bet365 coupon code remains have been unearthed in both northern and southern China，They were important hunting objects for ancient ancestors。Until the late Neolithic to the early Bronze Age，Wild aurochs still exist in northern China，The ancestors of the Zhoujiazhuang site in Jiangxian County, Shanxi (around 3900 years ago) used the shoulder blades of wild aurochs to make divination bones。Research on ancient DNA shows，Wild aurochs at that time、Wild buffalo and domestic bet365 coupon code populations coexist，and，There have been crosses between wild aurochs and domestic bet365 coupon code。

The holy buffalo was distributed in both north and south of China bet365 coupon code 8000 to 3000 years ago，It is another bison，No genetic contribution to modern domestic buffalo in China；Due to environmental (the climate in the Central Plains becomes colder at the intersection of the two weeks) and man-made (excessive hunting and destruction of their habitats by traders)，Completely extinct by the Eastern Zhou Dynasty；Its image is reproduced by a bronze buffalo statue unearthed bet365 coupon code M54 (i.e. Yachang Tomb) in Huayuanzhuangdong of the Yinxu site in Anyang, Henan: short horn、The cross section of the angle is triangular、Short and strong legs、Round body。

There are three types of domestic bet365 coupon code in my country: bet365 coupon code (can be divided into ordinary bet365 coupon code and zebu)、Buffalo and Yak。Existing research shows，bet365 coupon code and buffalo imported from abroad，But the ancient Chinese ancestors accepted it、Utilization of absorption and recultivation，Make it successfully integrate into the long history of Chinese civilization；Yak was successfully domesticated in China，Known as the "Ship of the Plateau"。

　Origin of domestic bet365 coupon code

The wild ancestor of domestic common bet365 coupon code is the aurochs，The earliest domesticated Kayanu ruins in West Asia、The Gade site on the Euphrates River and other sites in the surrounding area，The age is 10800-10300 years ago；The earliest time it appeared in China was 5500-5000 years ago，Gansu and Qinghai regions (Zhaocun and Xishanping, Tianshui, Gansu)、Xishan, Li County、The earliest examples exist in Fujiamen, Wushan) and the northeastern region (Houtao Muga, Da'an, Jilin)。Research based on ancient DNA，China’s domestically raised common bet365 coupon code were introduced from West Asia，There may be two incoming routes: Xinjiang-Northwestern Region-Central Plains route；Eurasian Steppe-Northeast Asia-Central Plains Route。

The introduction of domestic common bet365 coupon code has a profound social background: the success of domestic domesticated livestock species in China，Provided experience accumulation and reference for its introduction and breeding from a technical perspective；Progress in planting industry，Provides material guarantee for the expansion of livestock populations and types from an economic perspective；Society is becoming increasingly complex，Provides reality for the organization, management and distribution of livestock from the perspective of social organizational structure；Cultural exchanges provide the possibility and convenience for its introduction and dissemination。

Domestic common bet365 coupon code gradually spread in China。4500-4000 years ago，Spread to the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River (such as Shantai Temple in Zhecheng, Henan)、Yuzhou Wadian、Dengfeng Wangchenggang)，The breeding scale has been expanded to a certain extent，On the feeding method，Using a large amount of by-products of crops such as millet and millet for feeding；4000-2000 years ago，Has spread to most parts of northern China，And gradually go south，Introduced to the Lingnan area during the Nanyue Kingdom in the Western Han Dynasty。

Zebu is also called "peak cow"，It is a unique breed of bet365 coupon code in tropical and subtropical regions，Heat and drought resistant。The ancestor of the domestic zebu is the Indian bison，The domestication originated in the Indus River Basin 8,500 years ago，The Melgakh region of Pakistan may be the earliest center of origin。It first appeared in China in the Southwest and Lingnan regions 2,400 years ago，The image of zebu is often seen on cultural relics such as shell storage vessels of Shizhaishan Culture。Modern Zebu DNA research shows，China’s domestic zebu bet365 coupon code were introduced from India and Southeast Asia，Yunnan is probably the place where Zebu was first introduced in China。

Buffalo is also a unique breed of bet365 coupon code in tropical and subtropical regions，Loves water and tolerates heat。Domestic buffalo includes two varieties: river type and swamp type，The wild ancestor is the wild buffalo，Its domestication originated in the Indus River Valley (Halavila city ruins)，The time is 5000 years ago。All buffaloes living in China are domesticated，Swamp type，Archaeological and ancient DNA research shows，It may have been introduced into China from the northwest of South Asia around 3000 years ago。

Yak is a unique livestock species on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau，Domestication is a major achievement of early animal husbandry in Tibetan areas。Archaeological data display，The ancient Qiang people living in the Gansu and Qinghai regions and the primitive ancestors of Tibet may have successfully domesticated the yak around 3,000 years ago。One pottery yak was bet365 coupon code Dulan Nomuhong Cultural Site in Qinghai，"The two corners and tail are slightly damaged，Asymmetry on both sides of the head，The back is wavy。The hair reaches the ground，So it looks a little short”。In addition，It is said that yak remains were also bet365 coupon code Kayo Culture archaeological site。

　　Function of domestic bet365 coupon code

After domestic bet365 coupon code appeared in China，In food resources (meat、Dairy products, etc.)、Sacrificial animals、Aggregate processing、Agricultural production (oxen plowing land、Farmland irrigation、Grain processing)、Played an important role in transportation and many other aspects。Especially the use of ox farming，Realized the transition from human to animal power farming，This triggered an "animal revolution"，Achieved a leap in productivity，Promoted the progress of ancient Chinese civilization。Here，Discuss its role using domestic common bet365 coupon code as an example。

Using ordinary bet365 coupon code as a source of meat，Is the most common phenomenon。Bone broken randomly、Mostly derived from archaeological phenomena such as ash pits，And the age structure is mainly young individuals and other information，All indicate that ancient humans consumed common bet365 coupon code as meat。The phenomenon of using specific bone parts (such as the mandible) in religious sacrifices，Reflected from another side，Other parts of this animal may have been consumed by humans as meat。

In the Central Plains region，The meat contribution rate of ordinary bet365 coupon code in large city sites in the mid-Shang Dynasty was very high，Become the main source of meat。But，What needs to be explained is，Meat is always an important food in feasts，From this，This new type of meat，Not everyone can enjoy it，Probably more controlled by the aristocracy at that time。At the same time，The enjoyment of it is not a daily habit，Its value is more reflected in ritual banquet activities。

"Zuo Zhuan" says: "A major event of the country，Sacrifice and Rong”，This shows the important role of sacrifice and war in ancient society，And ordinary bet365 coupon code are the most important and important sacrifices used in the king-level sacrificial form "Tailao"。So-called sacrifice，All from "Niu"，Indicates that the cow is the first of all sacrifices，The original meaning of animal is the sacrificial cow。

Domestic common bet365 coupon code have played a role in sacrificial activities as soon as they were introduced。The earliest known cow bone specimen was unearthed from the Fujiamen site in Wushan, Gansu，Indicates that the use of bet365 coupon code in religious sacrifices can be traced back to 5,500 years ago。With the introduction of domestic bet365 coupon code into the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River，There is a sacrificial pit about 30 meters south of the first room of the Shantai Temple ruins in Zhecheng, Henan Province H39，9 of the intact bet365 coupon code were buried together，The arrangement is relatively regular。The number of intact oxen buried in it，It is unique among Neolithic sites in China。Based on the importance of scalpers in sacrifices，Indicates that high-level sacrificial activities were held at that time，Also indicates the special or important status of the site among the sites of the same period。

Before the appearance of domesticated common bet365 coupon code，Deer is the main source of aggregate。The emergence of domestic common bet365 coupon code has changed this situation。Common bovine limb bones (mainly metacarpals and metatarsals，also includes tibia、Femur、Humerus and other parts) and mandible have gradually become the most important parts。Extended to the Bronze Age，Domestic common bet365 coupon code provide sufficient high-quality raw materials for the production of bone tools，In addition, the emergence of bone-making workshops、Applications of metal tools, etc.，Bone tool manufacturing shows scale、Specialization、Characteristics of standardization and complexity。

When did bet365 coupon code farming originate？The most important thing in bet365 coupon code farming is the traction of bet365 coupon code，The remains of ordinary bet365 coupon code unearthed from the Taosi Site in Xiangfen, Shanxi (5300-3900 years ago) are mainly elderly individuals，It is speculated that the main purpose of breeding is to use its traction force。From the domestication and control of bet365 coupon code、The formation of the plow frame、The emergence of related bet365 coupon code roping technology starts from these three factors closely related to the origin of bet365 coupon code farming，Some scholars believe，The time of bet365 coupon code farming occurred in the late Shang Dynasty (there is a small hole connecting the two nostrils of a jade carving of a lying cow from Fuhao Tomb in Yinxu, Anyang, Henan，Related to wearing cow ropes；Zooarchaeological research shows，The metacarpal bones and toe bones of bet365 coupon code unearthed from the Yinxu site show lesions caused by labor；The word "wu" in the Yin Ruins oracle bone inscriptions should be interpreted as "plough"，The understanding of plowing for bet365 coupon code, etc.)。After two weeks of development and early promotion of bet365 coupon code farming and technology，Widely promoted in the Han Dynasty，And introduced to the southern region in the middle of the Eastern Han Dynasty。

bet365 coupon code also play an important role in pastoral areas。Take the emergence of dairy products as an example，Based on proteomic analysis，Kefir cheese was found unearthed from Xiaohe Cemetery in Lop Nur area, Xinjiang、Yoghurt deposits found in Gumugou Cemetery，Indicates that milk has entered the diet of Xinjiang ancestors 3,600 years ago。

Late 20th century，The results of a survey on bet365 coupon code farming conditions show that: whether it is the Pearl River Delta or the Guanzhong Plain of Shaanxi，In economically developed areas，The history of bet365 coupon code farming has ended or is coming to an end。“Shepherd boy riding an ox，Singing shakes Lin Yue”，Farmhouse smoke，Cowbell Youyou，That is the eternal memory of home that has been engraved for five thousand years。

(Author’s unit: Institute of Archeology, bet365 coupon code Academy of Social Sciences)