Cow，One of the six livestock in China，"Eat grass，Milk is squeezed out. "。China is a large agricultural country and ancient country，Agricultural culture source is far away，Ox is in a dry work、The role of buffalo in rice production is outstanding; China has a vast grassland pasture，Nomadic culture has a long history，Ox and yaks play an important and unique role under the pastoral area and extreme environmental conditions。

　Bet365 app download

Update the Paleolithic Age of the World Period，There are wild cattle relics unearthed in north and south of China，They are important hunting objects of the ancient ancestors。Until the late Shinshi era to the early period of the bronze era，There is still wild original cow in northern China，Site Zhoujiazhuang Site of Shanxi Province (Around 3900 years) ancestors used wild raw beef scapulas to make bone。Ancient DNA research indicates，Wild original cattle at that time、Wild buffalo and home -raising oxen group coexist，and，Wild original cattle and home -raising scalpel groups have occurred。

Saint Cows are distributed in north and south of China, which is 8000-3000 years old.，It is another kind of bison，No genetic contributions to the modern Chinese family buffalo; due to the environment of the environment (during the two weeks of intersection, the climate in the Central Plains is cold) and human (the businessman's excessive killing and the destruction of its habitat)，To the Eastern Zhou Dynasty was completely extinct; its image was unearthed by a bronze buffalo in the East East M54 (that is, the Asian Chang Tomb) of the Yinxu Site of Anyang, Henan、The cross section of the corner is triangular、Four -foot bet365 live casino games short and thick powerful、round body round。

There are three types of cows in our country: ox (can be divided into ordinary beef and tumor cows)、buffalo and yak。Existing research indicates，Cattle and buffalo are introduced from abroad，But the ancient Chinese ancestors accepted it、Utilization of absorption and re -cultivation，Make it successfully integrate into the historical long river of Chinese civilization; yak is successfully domesticated by China，A reputation of "Boat of the Plateau"。

　Home Cow Origin

The wild ancestor of the home -raising ordinary cow is the original cow，The earliest domestication in West Asia's Kayaonu site、The Jialin River of the Youfa River and other sites in the surrounding areas，Age is 10800-10300 years ago; the earliest appearance in China is 5500-5000 years away，Ganqing area (Gansu Tianshui Shi Zhao Village and Xishanping、Li County Xishan、Wushan Fujiamen) and Northeast China (Jilin Daan Houki Mu Ga) exist in the earliest examples。According to the research of ancient DNA，Chinese family nourishment is introduced from West Asia，There may be two passing routes: Xinjiang -Northwest Region -Central Plains route; Eurasian grassland -Northeast Asia -Central Plains route。

The introduction of ordinary cows has a profound social background: the success of the domestic domestication of domestic livestock，It provides experience accumulation and reference for the introduction and breeding from the technical level; progress of the planting industry，It provides material guarantee for the expansion of domestic animal populations and increased types from the economic level; society is becoming increasingly complicated，From the perspective of social organization structure, it provides reality for the organizational management and distribution of livestock; cultural exchanges provides them with possibility and convenience for the introduction and Bet365 app download dissemination of them。

Home -raising ordinary cattle gradually spread in China。4500-4000 years away from this，diffusion to the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River (such as the Shantai Temple of Henan Province、Yuzhou Watian、Dengfeng Wang Chenggang)，The breeding scale has expanded a certain extension，Breeding method，A large number of by -products using crop millet and crickets are used to feed; in 4000-2000 years，It has spread to most parts of northern China，and gradually south，It was introduced to the Lingnan area during the Western Han Dynasty and South Vietnam。

Tumor Cow, also known as "Peak Cow"，is a unique cattle species in tropical and subtropical regions，heat resistance to drought and drought。The ancestor of the family nourishing tumor cattle is Indian bison，Its domestication originated from the Indian River Basin 8500 years ago，The Melgah area of ​​Pakistan may be the earliest origin center。It first appeared in China in China in the southwest and Lingnan region, which is 2400 years ago，The image of tumor cows in cultural relics such as Shizhai Mountain Cultural Storage Close。Modern tumor cattle DNA studies indicate，Chinese tumor nourishing cow is introduced from India and Southeast Asia，Yunnan is likely to be the first place in China to introduce tumor cows。

Buffalo is also a unique cattle species unique to tropical and subtropical regions，Xishui heat resistance。Home Bulls include two varieties: river type and swamp type，Wild ancestors are wild buffalo，Its domestication originated in the Indian River Basin (Hala Micro City Site)，Time is 5000 years ago。China ’s existing bulls are all home support，belongs to the swamp type，Archeology and ancient DNA studies indicate，It may be transmitted to China in the northwestern region of South Asia 3000 years ago。

Yak is a unique animal species unique to the Bet365 app download Qinghai -Tibet Plateau，domestication is a major achievement in early animal husbandry in Tibet。Archaeological data display，The ancient people living in the Ganqing area and the primitive ancestors in Tibet may successfully domesticate yaks 3000 years around。1 piece of pottery yak was unearthed in the Qinghai Dulan Nuo Mushong Cultural Site，"Two corners and tails are slightly disabled，Asymmetry on both sides of the head，The back is wavy。Mao long and ground，Therefore, it seems slightly short "。other，Koyo Cultural and archeological sites are said to have also unearthed yak relics。

　　Family Niu skills

Family cows appear in China in order in China，In food resources (meat、dairy products, etc.)、Sacrifice for animal、processed aggregate、Agricultural Production (Niu Farming Land、Farmland irrigation、Grain processing)、Transportation and other aspects have played an important role。Especially the use of cattle farming，The transformation from manpower to animal cultivation，This triggers a "animal power revolution"，Realizing the productivity leap，Promoting the progress of ancient Chinese civilization。Here，Taking the normal cow as an example, explore its role。

Putting ordinary beef as a source of meat，is the most common phenomenon。Bone irregular crushing、Most of them from archeological phenomena such as gray pit，and the age structure is mainly young individuals and other information，All indicate that ancient humans were eating ordinary beef as meat。The phenomenon of specific bone parts (such as the lower jaw) in religious sacrifice phenomena，It reflects from the other side，Other parts of this animal may be consumed by humans as meat。

In the Central Plains area，The contribution rate of ordinary beef in the large -scale city site in the Shang Dynasty is very high，Become the most important source of meat。but，What needs bet365 Play online games to be explained is，Meat is always important food in banquet，From this，This new type of meat food，Not enjoyed by everyone，May be more controlled by the aristocratic class at that time。At the same time，The enjoyment of it is not used in daily habits，Its value is more reflected in ritual banquet activities。

"Zuo Zhuan" cloud: "The major events of the country，Westing and Rong "，The important role of sacrifice and war in ancient society，and ordinary cattle are the most important and important sacrifice used in the first -level sacrifice form of the king level。The so -called sacrifice，All from "Bull"，It shows that cows are the first of sacrifice，The original intention of the animal originally refers to the sacrifice cow。

Family raising ordinary cattle will play a role in sacrifice as soon as they are introduced。Gansu Wushan Fujiamen site unearthed the earliest knowing age，It shows that the application of oxen in religious sacrifice can be traced back to 5500 years ago。As the home raising the ox is introduced into the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River，A sacrifice pit for about 30 meters on the south side of the site of the Shantai Temple site in Henan Province, a sacrifice pit H39，Among them, 9 heads are concentrated in burial，Putting comparison。Its burial is more than the number of individuals who have a complete scalper，It is unique in the new stone artifact site in China。The importance of oxen -based in sacrifice，It is indicated that at the time, a higher -specified sacrifice activity was held，It also shows the special or important status of the site in the same period。

Before the appearance of ordinary cows at home，Deer is the most important source of aggregate。The emergence of home -raising ordinary cows has changed this situation。Ordinary bull limb bone (mainly palm bone and metatarsal bone，It also includes tibial、femoral、HMB and other parts) and mandibular bet365 Play online games bone gradually become the most important options。Extension and bronze era，Home -raising ordinary cattle provides sufficient high -quality raw materials for the production of boneware，Coupled with the emergence of the bone workshop、Application of metal tools, etc.，Bone manufacturing presents a large scale、Professional、The characteristics of standardization and complexity。

When is Niu Geng originated from? Niu Guan attaches importance to the traction of cattle，Site of Xiangfen Temple Temple in Shanxi (5300-3900 years ago) The ordinary beef relics unearthed are mainly elderly individuals，It is speculated that the main purpose of breeding is to use its traction。The domestication and control of the cow、Formation of a plow、The emergence of related cow techniques departs these three elements that are closely related to the origin of Niu Guan，Some scholars think，The time of cattle farming occurred in the late Shang Dynasty (a small hole in the two nostrils of a jade carved cattle in Yinxu, Yinxu, Anyang, Henan，It is related to wearing cattle rope; animal archeology research indicates，The diseased phenomenon caused by labor on the palm bone and toe bones of the Yinxu site is caused by labor;，It is the intention of cattle farming, etc.)。Niu Guan and Technology developed after two weeks of development and early promotion，It was generally promoted in the Han Dynasty，And introduced to the southern region in the middle of the Eastern Han Dynasty。

Cows also play an important role in pastoral areas。Take the appearance of dairy products as an example，Analysis of protein -based group，Test the Xiahehe Cemetery in the Lopan area of ​​Xinjiang unearthed with Kaifel cheese、Ancient cemetery cemetery found yogurt deposits，It shows that milk has entered the recipe of Xinjiang ancestors 3600 years ago。

At the end of the 20th century，A survey of a Bet365 app download cow plowing status shows: whether it is the Pearl River Delta or the Guanzhong Plain of Shaanxi，In economically developed areas，The history of Niu Guan has been ends or is ending。"Shepherd Ride Cattle，Singing Zhenlin 樾 "，Farm House cooking smoke，Niu Ling Yoyo，That is the eternal home memory engraved with 5,000 years。

(Author Unit: Institute of Archeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences)