Mogao bet365 new customer offer in Dunhuang bet365 new customer offer、West Thousand Buddha Cave，Guazhou Yulin bet365 new customer offer、East Thousand Buddha Cave、Hanxia bet365 new customer offer、Jianquanzi bet365 new customer offer，Five temples in Subei、A temple，Yumen Changma bet365 new customer offer，There are varying numbers of Xixia caves and murals，Studying the history of Xixia、Buddhism、Painting、Rare information about social life。In terms of academic history and subject affiliation，The study of Dunhuang Xixia bet365 new customer offer is the scope of Dunhuang Studies，Also a field of Xixia studies。It involves Tibetan Buddhism and painting、Problems of Sino-Tibetan art，Therefore, it is also an important town of Tibetology。The study of Dunhuang Xixia bet365 new customer offer obviously has interdisciplinary characteristics。

　　Remarkable achievements in grotto bet365 new customer offer

Autumn 1964，The Dunhuang Cultural Relics Research Institute and the Institute of Ethnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences jointly formed the "Dunhuang Xixia Data Working Group"，First visit to Mogao bet365 new customer offer、Special investigation of Xixia materials from Yulin bet365 new customer offer，Identified a number of Xixia caves，Copied and interpreted a batch of Xixia texts and inscription materials from the Xixia period。The results were first reported by Shirahama, a member of the investigation team, in 1980、Announced by Shi Jinbo，This inspection can be regarded as the beginning of the study of the Xixia bet365 new customer offer in Dunhuang。Another important result of this inspection is Liu Yuquan's "Dunhuang Mogao bet365 new customer offer、Staging of Xixia Cave in Anxi Yulin bet365 new customer offer》，This article uses archaeological methods to divide Xixia caves for the first time，Baking Mogao bet365 new customer offer、The mural themes of the Xixia Cave in Yulin bet365 new customer offer，Buddha and Bodhisattva facial shapes and decorative patterns are the objects of type analysis and the main basis for staging，Jiang Mogao bet365 new customer offer、The 88 Xixia caves in Yulin bet365 new customer offer are divided into three phases，became the main basis for subsequent research on Xixia bet365 new customer offer。The judgment of Xixia caves in the Dunhuang bet365 new customer offer Reference Book "Dunhuang Mogao bet365 new customer offer Contents" published in 1982 is also the result of this investigation。Liu Yuquan's "Melon、Introduction to the Shaxixia bet365 new customer offer" is also part of the survey data in 1964，This article is distributed from the cave、Shape、Theme layout of murals、Statue、Mural Art、Detailed discussion on the Xixia bet365 new customer offer in terms of decorative patterns and other aspects。Information on the above results published and questions raised，And basic academic views，Becomes the basic information for the study of Dunhuang Xixia bet365 new customer offer in the future until today、Basic questions and basic viewpoints。

Nearly 40 years from the early 1980s to now，Research on Dunhuang Xixia bet365 new customer offer in Dunhuang Studies、Xixia Studies、Tibetology、With the efforts of art scholars and others，Archaeological staging in caves、Cave Construction、Jingbian Painting Art、Mural Art Style、Mural Special Topic、The donor’s portrait, inscription and clothing、A single cave case study、A lot of results have been achieved in the interpretation of Tibetan Tantric images。

On the whole，Basic research has been done on the Dunhuang Xixia bet365 new customer offer，The main problems of Dunhuang Xixia bet365 new customer offer，has been solved to varying degrees。The representative work is Han Xiaomang、Sun Changsheng、Chen Yuexin's "History of Xixia Art"，Chen Yuning、Tang Xiaofang "History of Xixia Art"。Some research results have been outstanding，It gives people a refreshing feeling，Such as the study of Shuiyue Guanyin and Tang Monk’s Buddhist scriptures，Research on the production and life scenes in the fifty-one-sided Guanyin Sutra paintings in Cave 3 of Yulin bet365 new customer offer，Research on Cave 465 of Mogao bet365 new customer offer，To Cave 29 of Guazhou Yulin Cave、Cave 3 and Cave 2 of East Thousand Buddha Cave、Research on Cave 5，Research on portrait inscriptions and clothing of donors, etc.。

The Dunhuang Xixia bet365 new customer offer were created under a special historical background，There are still many issues that need to be studied，There is a big problem，Like a cave arranged by stages，Interpretation of Tibetan Esoteric Mandala Images，The practical functions and ritual expressions of Tibetan-themed caves；There are also small problems，For example, how Tang Monk obtained Buddhist scriptures and entered the Xixia caves in Guazhou area，The pink version inheritance relationship of Jingbian paintings, which are prominent features of architectural paintings in Xixia murals，These are all unanswered topics。Not only that，Some new issues have also emerged in the Dunhuang Xixia bet365 new customer offer，The religious principles shown in the overall image of Cave 465 of the Mogao bet365 new customer offer, known as the "Secret Temple"、Sect inheritance、Artistic style and creation year；A simple view of the popular forms in Xixia caves、Research on pure land transformation with single structure and other issues。

In addition，During the reign of Xixia，Why rebuilding the early caves in Mogao bet365 new customer offer is the basic method of the merits of Xixia cave building？This is the unsolved mystery of the development history of Dunhuang Xixia bet365 new customer offer。Xixia in one and a half centuries，Why didn’t you build your own merit cave in a “world’s holy palace” like Mogao bet365 new customer offer，It’s just a redrawing of the early caves？What does this behavior reflect the Xixia people’s concept of merit？In what way did the Dunhuang locals after the Guiyijun period continue the Buddhist cave meritorious behaviors that have been passed down for hundreds of years？Why don’t the Xixia people paint portraits of donors who are very important to the meritorious people in Mogao bet365 new customer offer？Questions like this，Most of it is still unsolved。

　bet365 new customer offer are many constraints

Observation from academic history，The study of Dunhuang Xixia bet365 new customer offer is not consistent with the overall development level of Dunhuang studies over the past hundred years，There are constraints from many factors，In a nutshell，There are mainly the following four points。

First，The complexity of the background of the Dunhuang bet365 new customer offer in the Western Xia Dynasty。As and Song、Liao、Gold、唃宮宰、Tibet、Uighur and other regimes exist at the same time，The Xixia regime located in the northwest，its unique nation、Politics、Religion、Cultural characteristics，Making the Buddhist bet365 new customer offer and mural art of this period quite complex。The painting art of Xixia combines the ink landscape paintings of the Central Plains and Song Dynasty、Han Buddhist Art、Uighur Art、Buddhist Art of Liao Dynasty、Xixia National Art、The nutritional content of Tibetan Buddhist art，Inherited the local and regional traditional art of Cao's Painting Academy in Dunhuang，Ultimately formed the Xixia Grotto Art which is a mixture of various arts，It was during this period that Buddhist art underwent great changes、The embodiment of historical reconstruction。

In addition，Song, Liao, Jin and Xia periods，This is the era when a new round of enthusiasm for seeking Dharma is rising in the Chinese Buddhist community，Use heaven to stop disasters、Eminent Indian monks represented by Shi Hu and others entered China，Translated a batch of newly introduced classics from India。The translation of various esoteric classics during this period，Become an important classic basis for Buddhist ritual practice，Changed the content and form of traditional Buddhist art to a certain extent，With this phenomenon came the reconstruction of Buddhist art。The study of Dunhuang Xixia bet365 new customer offer from this perspective has just begun。

Second，The history of the cave itself、Archaeology、Art、The limitations of religious information。Xixia Period，The construction methods of Mogao bet365 new customer offer are very different from those before，Almost no more new caves are built，Mainly renovate and repaint the previous caves；The traditional portraits of donors in the caves have almost disappeared，Only sporadic occurrences；There are no murals in the caves of this period that were widely seen before、Inscription on portrait of donor、Memory of the merits and virtues of cave construction、Texts such as statues and vows。From the appearance of the cave，The themes of these renovated and repainted caves in the late period、Content、The structure is also greatly simplified。The content is the same as making offerings to Bodhisattva，or diagram，Or minimalist Pure Land transformation，The top of the cave is decorated with various forms of flowers，Not at all as exciting as the caves of the Tang and Song Dynasties、Complex and majestic momentum，Looks plain and mediocre。

Third，Limitations in understanding and understanding of Sino-Tibetan Buddhist art。The plainness and mediocrity of the Xixia cave paintings in Dunhuang，Only for Mogao bet365 new customer offer except No. 465、464、149、95、Traditional understanding of Xixia caves other than Cave 3，Not comprehensive，Not objective either。Look at the five caves above，And Guazhou Yulin bet365 new customer offer、East Thousand Buddha Cave、Changma bet365 new customer offer、Wenshu Mountain bet365 new customer offer，You can feel the strong artistic atmosphere of the Xixia era，Among them, those with the most artistic spirit of Xixia are those murals with obvious characteristics of Indian Polo art and Tibetan art。The mysterious and complex content of Tibetan Tantric Buddhism has discouraged most researchers，But after a series of interpretations by Tibetan art historians represented by Xie Jisheng，We found Xixia caves with Tibetan art themes，The core idea、Concepts are often the system of Han tradition，Tibetan painting is just a new Buddhist theme and content introduced by Xixia，Buddhist doctrines and thoughts used to structure the tradition。Therefore，This type of cave mural art can be considered a true innovation in the history of Chinese art，That is, a new art form formed by the fusion of Chinese and Tibetan Buddhist art，This is the most wonderful presentation in Dunhuang。To understand Sino-Tibetan Buddhist art in a true sense，Involving Xixia Buddhism itself and Tang and Song Buddhism、Tibetan Buddhism、The problem of the integration of Buddhism in the Liao Dynasty，It is also related to the integration of Chinese and Tibetan、The problem of the harmony of sutra and secret，This aspect is engaged in history、Archaeology、Shortcomings of art history researchers，But in recent years, Shen Weirong has been seen、Solonin and other scholars have made breakthroughs。

　Fourth，Limitations in the division of labor among researchers and their focus angles。The overall research on Dunhuang Xixia bet365 new customer offer is not ideal，It has a certain relationship with the division of labor among researchers and their different focus angles。For Dunhuang bet365 new customer offer researchers，There are too many issues that can be studied in Dunhuang bet365 new customer offer，Too many choices，The researcher was influenced by the seemingly plain and mediocre Xixia art，It is rare to choose to study caves from this time period；For Xixia researchers，Received information、Restrictions on actual conditions such as cave site inspections，Only limited information released by the Dunhuang Academy can be used，So it’s hard to go deep；For art history researchers，Xi Xia art is a branch of the national art of Song, Liao, Jin and Xia，Ignored in historical times，There are almost no records of Xixia paintings in the history of painting，This tradition also affects today’s researchers；For Tibetan art historians，Limited researcher group，Similarly subject to restrictions on access to information，It’s not easy to go deeper。

Overall view，Restricted by many factors，There are many research problems on Dunhuang Xixia bet365 new customer offer，Even in basic research，There will still be completely contradictory academic opinions。Like cave staging，In recent years, some researchers have even mentioned that almost all the Xixia bet365 new customer offer in Dunhuang belong to the Yuan Dynasty。Hard to imagine，Over a hundred years，The Xixia Kingdom, which believed in Buddhism, did little in the huge Dunhuang bet365 new customer offer，This statement is unconvincing in any case。Therefore，The study of Dunhuang Xixia Caves has a long way to go。

(The author is a professor at the School of bet365 new customer offer and Culture, Shaanxi Normal University)