The linguistic community is accustomed to regard the late Tang Dynasty and the Five Dynasties as the boundary，Divide the history of Chinese into two major stages: ancient Chinese and modern Chinese。Most Dunhuang documents are the product bet365 bonus code indiana late Tang and Five Dynasties before and after this landmark，Plays a connecting role in the history bet365 bonus code indiana development of Chinese language。Especially the Bianwen with vernacular as the main body、Music words、Wang Fanzhi’s poem、Suspected Apocrypha，and vows、Contracts and other social and economic documents，It is also the source of modern Chinese corpus。These documents are very important for studying the evolution of ancient and modern Chinese，Research on the origin of vernacular in Song and Yuan Dynasties，Has irreplaceable value。The discovery of Dunhuang documents，Injecting new vitality into Chinese research，Greed or promoted modern Chinese、Research on colloquial words、The birth and development of some emerging disciplines such as folk character research。Specifically，The promotion of Dunhuang literature on the study of modern Chinese is mainly reflected in four aspects。

　A true record bet365 bonus code indiana language at that time

Bianwen preserved in Dunhuang documents、Wang Fanzhi’s poem、Songs and other popular literary works，Private Contract、Judgment、Socioeconomic documents such as calligraphy and instruments，Suspected Apocrypha、Vote、Repentance texts and other Buddhist and Taoist literature，《Enlightenment Training》、Mixed-character books and other elementary school literacy books, etc.，Probably at the hands bet365 bonus code indiana middle and lower classes，Close to life、Focus on practicality，Use more spoken language，It is a true record bet365 bonus code indiana language at that time，is the source of modern Chinese corpus。

For example, the bet365 bonus code indiana Colloquial Dictionary "Zi Bao" records that words related to human eyes include Xiao Duo Duo、Dazzling, etc.；The Dictionary of Famous Objects "The Famous Forest of Common Affairs" records in the Colored Silk and Silk Cloth Department that the damask has a single nest、Turtle Shell、Bird’s Eye、The difference that fills the heart，Luo Youpeacock、melon seeds、Xu Chunzhi Farewell，JinyouPersia、Wulu、Duck、Farewell to the Phoenix。

Another example is the "Doctor" entry in "bet365 bonus code indiana Dictionary"，The title is an ancient honorific title for a person who has a certain skill or specializes in a certain occupation，In later generations, people will be called masters，Quote from "Dunhuang Bian Anthology·Parents' Kindness Sutra": "Learning Music，Dr. Qu，Nongbo, Tune the Strings, Hunshexi。”As seen in Dunhuang documents，There is Dr. Sound、Dr. Mason、Doctor of bed building、Dr. Mu、Doctor of Gardening、Dr. Liuqiang、Write a PhD、Dr. Iron、Dr. Wrong Saw，Wait，Colorful。

Another example is the witnesses or guarantors bet365 bonus code indiana buyer and seller bet365 bonus code indiana contract document，Guarantor of Dunhuang Contract Document、reporter、宝见、Baozhi、Guarantee、Meeting people、Witness、Neighbor、Neighbors、Sitting here，Wait，Many names，Shows the prosperity of buying and selling transactions at that time。Another example is the common noun or pronoun prefix "A" in modern Chinese，The Six Dynasties have begun to take shape，Dunhuang documents are showing a surge，Extremely widely used，Like Father、Grandpa、Brother、Anu、Ana、That one、Anali、Anabiang、Aduo、Aber、Ah you、Ah you、Amei、Amang、Ah Gu、Sister、Aye、Aye Niang、Uncle、A Zhuo、Aguo、Alang、Aunt、Aunt、Auntie，Wait，Everything is "A"。

These words，To understand the social economy before and after the Tang bet365 bonus code indiana、Life、Customs, etc. go a long way，It is a specific record of ordinary people’s life and production activities。

　　Helpful in understanding the evolution of bet365 bonus code indiana in ancient and modern times

Due to various reasons，Especially the lack of manuscript materials before the Song Dynasty，The origin of many words in modern bet365 bonus code indiana or the relationship between ancient and modern evolution，People nowadays don’t understand it very well。With the help of rich manuscript materials in Dunhuang documents，We have access to a large amount of first-hand information written by the ancients that has not been copied or altered，Thus building a bridge between ancient bet365 bonus code indiana and modern bet365 bonus code indiana，The evolutionary relationship becomes clear。

For example, the "mother" bet365 bonus code indiana father and mother，Traditional Chinese characters for "Mother"，And "mother" originally refers to a girl、Girl，Duan Yucai, a scholar from the Qing Dynasty, said, "People in the Tang Dynasty used the two characters Huran separately."，Therefore, there is no one who can be called mother。It is rare for people to know it today”。So what is the actual use of "mother" and "mother" before and after the Tang Dynasty？When did these two words begin to be used interchangeably?？Due to the tendency of “contemporary” wording in the printed documents，People cannot make a clear judgment based on this。The discovery of Dunhuang manuscript documents，Provides a large amount of reliable first-hand information to answer this question。From the use case of Dunhuang Manuscript，In the more formal texts bet365 bonus code indiana Tang Dynasty，The tendency of these two words to be used separately is very obvious。Dunhuang Manuscript No. 2011, Wang Renxu bet365 bonus code indiana Tang Dynasty, "Publishing Misconceptions and Filling the Void, Qie Yun·Yang Yun": "Mother，Female rebel，Grandma’s name。" Another cloud: "Mother，Female number。” is the actual record bet365 bonus code indiana two words being used in formal occasions at that time。But in some popular literature and contract documents，There is a situation of mixed use。For example, in "Ten Kindnesses" in Dunhuang Manuscript No. 6274, the third son Wangyouen: "He said that his nose was sore，Grandma’s intestines and stomach seem to have been replaced by force (gouged out with a knife)。"The word "mother" is different from No. 289 of Bensi as "mother"。There are many similar examples。It can be seen that "mother" and "mother" had indeed begun to be used interchangeably at that time。It relies on Dunhuang manuscript documents，We have just built a bridge between the ancient "mother" and the "mother" that Duan Yucai calls "modern people".。

Another example is the ancient Chinese character "hall" in the living room, which originally means "listen"。When did the word "hall" appear？When was the replacement of "listening" and "hall" completed？Dictionary examples of earlier uses bet365 bonus code indiana word "Ting" often cite "After Traveling" in "Three Kingdoms·Wu Zhi·Zhuge Ke Biography"，The hall where I sit is in the middle bet365 bonus code indiana building” sentence，But the original version is from the Song Dynasty，Not necessarily the original form used by Jin and Chen Shou，Unreliable。Examination of Dunhuang Manuscript No. 2071 "Notes on Qie Yun·Qing Yun" Ta Ding replied: "Listen。Hall，House。" (The same small rhyme in Wang Renxu's "Public Mistakes and Filling the Gap": "Listen，Listen。Hall，House Hall。”) "Qieyun Notes" should belong to the Tang Changsun Nayan Notes System，The latter was written during the reign of Emperor Gaozong of Tang Dynasty，Basically preserves the original appearance of Sui and Lu Fayan's "Qie Yun"。It can be seen from this，During the Sui and Tang Dynasties, "listening" and "hall" were consciously differentiated。But in actual use，“Listen” and “Ting” are still used interchangeably。Rusu No. 5439 "Zhu Jibu Biography": "Buy Diancang Yuanlizhi，Listen to those who praise you。"The word "Dangting" is the same as "Tangtang" in Benbo No. 3697。It can be seen that the word "Ting" was already popular before and after the Tang Dynasty，But the word "ting" that refers to "hall" has not completely disappeared from the stage of history。Even "listen" for listening is also written as "hall"。Perhaps earlier "Ting" was just the traditional Chinese character for "Listen"，Both the verb "listen" and the noun "hall" can be used as "hall"，Rusi No. 2073 "Lushan Yuan Gong Hua" Manuscript，2 examples of "hall" being used in the meaning of listening，9 cases of living room ceremony，An example of writing "listen" to refer to the living room，Mixing two shapes without distinction。Only after the engraving became popular in the Song Dynasty，These two words are completely different。A large number of use cases of "listening" and "hall" in Dunhuang Manuscripts，Provides reliable information for us to examine the evolution relationship between division and integration、Key clue。

　　Provides earlier use cases for bet365 bonus code indiana words

Some common words in modern Chinese，The use cases provided by large dictionaries lag behind or are not first-hand information.，Failed to reveal its origin、The history of evolution，Dunhuang documents can often provide earlier use cases of these words。Like the word "spicy" for chili pepper，In ancient books, it may be called "spicy"，The earliest documentary evidence cited in the "Chinese Dictionary" is "Pian Hai Lei Bian" compiled by the Ming Dynasty and "Guang Yun" compiled by the Song Dynasty，The earliest example bet365 bonus code indiana reference to the word "hot" is "Yutang Xiahua" by Wang Renyu bet365 bonus code indiana Five Dynasties。

So when did this "spicy" or "spicy" originate？According to the Dunhuang Manuscript No. 2609 of "The Ministry of Food and Drinking": "Spicy，Lang circumcision。"The same article in "Song Wu Yao Ming Lin" No. 617 of Bensi: "Spicy，Xin Ye，Lang circumcision。” is the early creator bet365 bonus code indiana word “spicy”。Yousi No. 2071 "Notes on Qie Yun·Last Rhyme": "Spicy，Spicy。"Si No. 76 "Dietotherapeutic Materia Medica" "Elm pod": "its seeds can be used as sauce，It tastes delicious，Slightly spicy。"Bo No. 2001 "Nan Hai Ji Gui Nei Fa Biography" Volume 1 "Eight Dynasties Chew Tooth Wood": "The wood with bitter and spicy wood is better，He who chews his head into crumbs is the best。" is the early adopter bet365 bonus code indiana word "spicy"。The above manuscripts were probably copied in the early to mid-Tang Dynasty，It can be seen from this，This should be a later popular word that only appeared during the Sui and Tang Dynasties (the word "spicy" or "spicy" can be found in the six dynasty documents printed after the Song Dynasty，Not necessarily reliable，For example, in the "Buddha's Explanation Sutra" translated by Chen Zhenyi in the "Taisho Tibetan" version, there is "Like Malizha，It tastes spicy" sentence，The word "spicy" in "Korea Tibetan" is "spicy"，However, the "spicy" article in Volume 8 of Xuanying's "Sound and Meaning of All Sutras" bet365 bonus code indiana Tang Dynasty quoted the sutra as "Jingzhuasa")。As for its orthography，It should be "剌" ("Shuowen Jiezi" reads "猌")。Idiom covering "Xin La"，Influenced by the word "Xin"，Therefore, the category "鉌" is changed to "spicy" and "spicy"。

　　Provide important reference for bet365 bonus code indiana correction

Due to the changes bet365 bonus code indiana times，Or changes in the way documents are disseminated，The meaning of some difficult words in the printed documents cannot be determined，It is not easy to find answers to some bet365 bonus code indiana editing questions of some sentences。Dunhuang manuscript documents often contain clues of their evolution or corruption，can provide important clues for us to solve such difficult problems。

For example, in the "Secrets of Baoyan Hall" compiled by Chen Jiru bet365 bonus code indiana Ming Dynasty, the third volume of "The Chao Ye Qian Zai" written by Zhang Jue bet365 bonus code indiana Tang Dynasty: "Cangzhou Gonggao, Deng Lian's wife, Li's daughter，Married before the anniversary but died cleanly。Li Nian eighteen，Keep your mind and set your spirit，Eat three times a day，Crying，Buyi Vegetarian Food，Six or seven years。"The word "fan" in it is the same as in the "Congshu Collection First Edition"，All subordinates read below。In fact, the word "fan" should be the word "ji" incorrectly，Definitely the upper reading，“Lingji” is the word，Refers to several feasts dedicated to the Lord of God。The "several" and "fan" documents in the Dunhuang manuscripts are confusing。Rusu No. 343 "Article · Taking Off Service": "Sorry for the parents，It’s hard work to give birth to me，Weeping blood for life，Nothing can be repaid。Ciyan is gone，See you soon，Tangyujiliao，Haotian Wangji。But with the etiquette medal [limited]，It’s hard to break the customary code；The service system has an end，Remove bad luck and bring good luck。However, there are differences between silk and hemp，The difference between life and death，lingExcluded，Setting up a fast to seek blessings。" (The character bet365 bonus code indiana screenshot is usually the vulgar writing of "fan") Bo No. 2237 recited the "Take Off Wen": "Husband, the sun and the moon also flow，Three Years of Dying。Sorry for the parents，It’s hard work to give birth to me，Weeping blood for life，Cannot report。Ciyan is gone，See you soon，Tangzhaijiliao，Only increase and destroy。Limited etiquette，Vulgar songs (canon) are hard to break；End of service system，Remove bad luck and bring good luck。It can be said that he was sent to the deathbed，Admiration of is difficult to end；lingRemoved，Wu (Hao) Tianwangji。"The "Lingfan" in it is also an error of "Lingji"，It can be proved that "Ji" and "Fan" are indeed many and confusing，This is irrefutable evidence。"Book of Sui bet365 bonus code indiana: Biography of Li Er": "Although I am humble，Inherit the clothes and shoes，Served for three years，General formula of ancient and modern times。How can we tolerate sudden decline，Qiang Fu Qianhua，Crying a few days ago，The room that is given to others。" is using the word "Lingji"。

(This article is the preliminary result bet365 bonus code indiana "Dunhuang Literature and Language Dictionary", a key project bet365 bonus code indiana Humanities and Social Sciences Base bet365 bonus code indiana Ministry of Education，And received funding from Zhejiang University’s “Chinese Excellent Cultural Inheritance and Innovation Plan”)

(The author is the vice president bet365 bonus code indiana Dunhuang Turpan Society of China、Distinguished Professor of Yangtze River Scholars bet365 bonus code indiana Ministry of Education (2005-2009、Senior Professor at Zhejiang University Chinese History Research Center and Ancient Books Research Institute)