The original era of Chinese culture，Perhaps it can be traced back to the Yao and Shun era, which is recorded by classics such as "Shang Shu", "Zuo Zhuan" and "Mandarin".。Whether it is an ancient legend or a historical reality，From the Yao Shun era to the end of the hundreds of the contention，After thousands of years of accumulation and inheritance，Finally, a centralized carrying and reflecting the method of survival of the early Chinese people、The concept of life、Spiritual appeal、Social ideals and other aspects of cultural heritage and rich connotation。The early Chinese thought concepts presented by traditional classics and pre -Qin sons as the carrier，There is no doubt that there is an inner systemic and systematic characteristics。Many of them，Not only does it continue to be inherited and practiced in the process of historical development，It is also continuously promoted and abandoned in the process of leapfrogging in Chinese civilization。The process symbol of the progress of human civilization and the wise carrier of the common spiritual wealth of human beings，Many of the early Chinese thought concepts still have important inheritance value and practical significance today。

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The ancient Chinese realized that human society manifests as a moral life existence，and have a variety of understanding and discourse expressions for this。This is a prominent aspect in the thought system of the pre -Qin period。

The word "ritual" in ancient literature is very common，As a concept，It can be said to be a representative summary of human moral attributes in the history of early Chinese thoughts or the history of pre -Qin thought，and the ancients from the perspective of all Bet365 lotto review things from the world, from this perspective。For example, "Zhouyi · Preface Gua Zhuan" said: "There is heaven and earth，Then everything is born。"" Also so -called: "There is heaven and earth and then everything，There are all things and then there are men and women，There are men and women and then have couples，There is a couple and then a father and son，There is a father and son and then there are monarchs，There is a monarch and minister and then there is up and down，There are wrongs and righteousness。"" Here is a kind of progressive thinking logic of layer of progressive thinking，It was also a concentrated summary of the moral concept at that time。"Book of Rites · Rites" said:，The large end of the person also。So talk about the faculty and the skin of the skin、Bunch of the muscles，So health、Delivery、The large end of the ghosts and gods also，So Da Tian Road、The big sinus of the humanity also。"" means，Human moral consciousness and human skin existence、spiritual beliefs、Heavenly Taoism has a close relationship; in other words，A moral person，It is full of self -restraint、Life with rules、Those who can reach the heavenly humanity。"Book of Rites · Guanyi" said, "The reason why mortals are people，Liyi also。From the beginning of righteousness，lies in positive、Qi color、Rhetoric Order "，It is the moral consciousness reflected in the basic behavior of individual daily life。It can be said，"Li Yi Yi" has become the total name of various morals in the pre -Qin era。

People’s moral consciousness will always be manifested in specific behavior activities，Human behavior activities can always reflect a certain moral consciousness。Human sociality is often reflected in its relationship and relationships。The wisdom of the ancients often has self -experience and practice，The understanding and understanding of human morality is the same。

　　Inherit moral consciousness through education

Inheritance of moral consciousness，The first lies in the spread of bet365 Play online games education，Therefore, Confucius is in the teachings of his disciples，Many are moral education。For example，Confucius sighed to Zilu: "You!。"(" The Analects of Confucius · Wei Linggong ") When the son Zhang asked Confucius how to admire the confusion，Confucius replied: "Lord loyalty to migration，Chongde Ye。"(" The Analects of Confucius · Yan Yuan ") The basic morality of the life，When Fan Chi asked Confucius，Confucius replied: "Residence Gong，Desert respect，Loyalty，Do not abandon，Do not abandon。"(" The Analects of Confucius · Zilu ") From the perspective of Confucius，Gong、Jing、The "benevolent" or "benevolent" embodied by loyalty、Jing、Loyal，is the morality of the traffic。related to this，When Zhang asked Confucius to ask Confucius，Confucius replied: "Can do five people in the world，For benevolent。"Zi Zhang said:" Excuse me。"Confucius said，These five are "Gong、Width、Letter、Min、Hui "，Then explained it in detail: "Gong is not insulted，Width to get public，Letter Zeleng Ren Ren，Min has merit，Hui is enough to make people。"(" The Analects of Confucius · Yang ") and when Zhang asked the line，What should I do，Confucius replied: "Yan Zhongxin，Xingxing，Although a very good trip，Unfaved in words，Not respect，Although the state is in the state? "(" The Analects of Confucius · Wei Linggong ") can be said，These are the words and deeds summarized by Confucius from the specific life practice and the moral guidelines of being a person。When Fan Chi asked Ren again，Confucius' answer is: "Benevolence，Difficult to get it first，Can be described as benevolent。"(" The Analects of Confucius · Yong Ye ") later generations explained to this，Confucius advocates that you must be able to endure and bear certain hard work before getting successful，This can realize and reach the realm of being benevolent ("The Analects of Confucius Collection" quoted Kong Anguo)。This is a spirit bet365 Play online games of hard work。Mencius later said, "Therefore, the sky will be reduced to Sri Liren，Must suffer first，His bones，Hungry its body skin，empty body，Drive what it does，So I tolerate it，gain cannot。"(" Mencius · Under the Son ") This kind of inspirational theory，It is also a force for moral self -discipline。

In Confucius' words，"Ren" can be said to be a general name of a moral concept，contains a lot of specifications，It has a broad moral connotation。So，Confucius will criticize people with immoral behaviors: "Qiao Yan makes color，Fresh Ren。"" ("Analects of Confucianism · Learning") as aware of and pay attention to daily morals，Zigong asked Confucius: "What kind of people can be called a person。"Confucius replied:" It is shameful。"" According to Kong Anguo's explanation, the so -called non -humiliated mission，The meaning of the Stato ("The Analects of Confucius" Volume 7。Zigong asked again，Confucius replied: "The clan is called filial piety，Township Party Cito Brother。"This refers to the meaning of moral models in the home。Zigong asked again，Confucius answered: "Word must believe，A must for it。"(" The Analects of Confucius · Zilu ") The words and deeds are consistent、Table as one、Has integrity，It is the requirements for personal moral cultivation。When Fan Chi asked Confucius again，Confucius directly and briefly answered: "Lovers。"(" The Analects of Confucius · Yan Yuan ") Confucius also said:" Gou Zhiyu Renyu，No evil also。"" ("The Analects of Confucius · Ren")，There will be no bad behavior。Visible，The ideological consciousness of benevolence is indeed the key to the Confucius moral theory。Mencius later played the concept of "benevolent love"，As it said: "The gentleman is different from others，It is also in my mind。Gentleman with benevolence，Mind with courtesy，Benevolence lovers，President to respect people。Lover，People who are constant Bet365 app download love; respecting people，People Heng respect。"(" Mencius · Li Lou Xia ") Mencius also summarizes people's moral consciousness from people's social communication relationship。and，Mencius said, "Benevolence is not as deep as the voices of benevolence" ("Mencius · Heart")，It is also the importance of moral education。Later, Xunzi paid more attention to the moral education function，So he said, "Ritual，Large score，Outline of the class also，Therefore, learn to be ritual。Husband is the pole of morality。"and the so -called:" The original king，Ben Renyi，The then Royal Morning and Weiping Trail also。"" ("Xunzi · Persuasion") So the ceremony also has the meaning of moral standards。

Mozi's thoughts and love thoughts are also played from the concept of lover.，Proficiency of the same profit，and give a natural rationality: "Tian must love each other's love，but not the evil of the evil and the thief of the evil ";" Therefore, the lover and the person，Tian must be blessed; wicked and thieves，Tianfei must be disaster "。("Mozi · Fa Yi") The meaning of some of the faith is。and Mozi is a mission to remove the benefits of the world as a person who has a benevolent，So said: "The reason why benevolent people are things，The benefits of the world，Except the harm of the world。Taking this as a thing。"(" Mozi · Love and Love ") to expand Rende's judgment to a broader field。

　　Promote Rende and Integrity

Promote Rende in the history of pre -Qin thought，It is also reflected in other sons' works。For example, "The" Restaurant of Lover and Things "(" Zhuangzi · Tiandi ")，"Those who are pro -pro -wide，Renye "(" Zhuangzi · Zai Ji ");，First tomorrow and morality，Morality is clear and benevolent，Benevolence is clear and divided into the second "(" Zhuangzi · Tiandao ");" Benevolence，It is said that the heart of the heart is also happy loved on "(" Han Feizi · Jie Lao ")。Visible，Even in Zhuangzi School and Han Fei's writings，There is also no shortage of attention and clarification Bet365 app download of Rende，Reflected attention with specific eras。

The pre -Qin period also has the expression of the moral system of benevolence and wisdom，I got the most prominent performance in Mencius。He said: "Everyone in the hearts of the hidden heart，Everyone who has shameful hearts，Respectful people are all，The people who are right and wrong。Heart of 恻，Ren Ye; shameful heart，Yi Ye; respectful heart，Liye also; right and wrong，Zhiye。Ren Yi Li Zhi is not from the outside，I am inherent。"(" Mencius · Tzuzi ") also said:" No Concealment Heart，Non -human; without shame，Non -human;，Non -human; no right and wrong heart，non -human also。"" Heart，Benevolence is also; the heart of shame，Yizhiyu also; the heart of resignation，The end of the ceremony; the heart of right and wrong，Zhi Zhuan also。People have four ends，Utah has four bodies。"This is the famous" Four End Speaking "。It can be seen that Mencius emphasizes the universality and natural nature of human moral consciousness (or congenital)，The focus is on the practicality of morality, that is, behavioral performance，So said: "Everyone has four ends to me，Knowing the expansion and charging。Ruohuo's beginning，Quanzhi。Gou can fill it enough to protect the four seas，It is not enough for parents。"(" Mencius Gongsun Ugly ") Can it truly give full play to the moral nature of human beings and put into practice，Whether it can live in family、Social life and even national political life reflect the value of self -existence，This can be said to be the attribution point of Mencius's "four ends"。

other，In terms of the virtue of the integrity of the heart of treating people，If there is a concept of integrity,。For example, in "Tuzi · Shuyan", there is a saying: "First Wang Guizhou Integrity，Intellectual，The knot of the world also。"Mencius said:" Sincerity，The Tao of Heaven also;，The way of people also。"(" Mencius · Li Lou Shang ") Xunzi also said:" Gentleman Bet365 app download is not good at sincerity，Zhicheng has nothing to do，Wei Ren Zhi Zhi，Only Righteousness "(" Xunzi · Strict ")，Integrity is always associated with benevolence。Xunzi also has "working hard to compete first，Rao music can make，Duan 悫 "(" Xunzi · Slim ") This is a saying with integrity as a virtue，And more in moral practice。

In modern sense，The moral wisdom discovered and summarized by the sages of the pre -Qin Dynasty，Not only inherited from the history of two thousand years，Also has also been sublimated in modern social life and modern moral education。More importantly，It is still in people conscious practice and self -reflection，can the social sociality of human morality be extended to all aspects of human life and various fields，Form the moral norms and practical concepts that meet people's modern life。

(The author is a researcher at the Institute of Ancient History of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences)