Bronze Age is the era with the use of bronze wares in human history，The early 19th century was proposed by Nordic scholars，From the Stone Age and the Iron Age。At the beginning of the birth of Chinese archeology，Start using this important concept，But about the time of the Chinese bronze era、Features and many basic problems so far there are divergent opinions。

　　bet365 live casino games

In "Gansu Archeology" published in 1925，Anton divided the "Ancient Times of Gansu" into six phases，He thinks Xindian、Temple、The latter three phases of the shaft belong to the copper stone and use the era to the early days of the bronze era。1945，Guo Moruo puts forward the upper limit of the Chinese bronze era in the "Bronze Age" that can be traced back to the Shang Dynasty。1963，Guo Baojun believes in the "Chinese Bronze Age" that the upper limit of the Chinese Bronze Age is in "Early Yin Shang"。1979，The Teaching Materials of the "Business and Zhou Archaeological" compiled by the History of the Department of History of Peking University，It is clearly proposed that Erlitou culture has entered the bronze era，Zhang Guangzhi's "Chinese Bronze Age" also holds the same opinion。1984，Li Xiandeng proposed that "Henan Longshan Culture" has entered the bronze era in the late period。Now the academic community generally recognizes that there are bronze eras in western China and the western Assembly of Asia and Europe，Most scholars believe that the upper limit of the Chinese bronze era starts at Erlitou culture。Due to changes in annual research，The upper limit of the age of Erlitou culture is greatly moved back，The upper limit of the Chinese bronze era that most people recognize，Correspondingly from the original distance from about 4000 years to about 3800 years later。

bet365 Play online games Look at the existing archeological information，West Asia and Southeast Europe are the earliest regions in the world to use bronze and bronze，Natural copper forging bronze wares that have appeared more than 10,000 years ago，7000 years ago, smelting pure copper，Bronze wares can be manufactured more than 6000 years ago，Enter the Bronze Age more than 5000 years ago。and the earliest bronze wares in Lintong Jiangzhai and other places in China appeared 6000 years ago，The earliest bronze knife of the Lin family in Dongxiang was less than 5000 years，Obviously later than the West，and all may have the possibility that it is affected by the West。So，The emergence of the Chinese bronze era is later than the West，Is it just 3,000 years from the current，Is it possible to be more than 4,000 years ago or the Longshan era，Truth analysis should be based on the increasingly increasing archaeological data。

　China Bronze Age beganArcheological evidence

Western bronze culture spread to the east，It should be first arrived in Xinjiang, China，Then spread to Central Plains through Ganqing and other places。Chemul Check culture in North Xinjiang is 4500 years ago，In Chemul Check, Altay City, which belongs to this culture,、Burzin County Kuapar and other places，Unearthed 镞、Knife、Sword and other bronze wares，and cast shovel、Knife、Caps and other Shi Fan，Unfortunately, the bronze wares have not been tested by technology。But in the Ouknev culture in the same period and similar period in the Yinsen River，Many similar tin blue bronze wares were unearthed，Therefore, it is speculated that Chemul Check culture also has bronze wares。Chemul Check culture belongs to the consensus of the Bronze Age that is the archaeologist。About 4000 years ago，Tianshan North Road Culture is formed in the intersection of east and west in the East Jiangjiang area，A large number of tin bronze and arsenic bronze are unearthed，It belongs to the culture of the Bronze Age undoubtedly。

Many bronze wares and bet365 Play online games smelting relics in the late Longshan era found in the Yellow River Basin，can be around 4200 years ago。Ganqing area，Jiangjiaping, Yongdeng, Gansu、Jiuquan Zhaobi Beach and Gaoma Land，Discover the knife of the Majiayao Cultural Malaysia Factory、cone and other bronze wares; found the horses factory in the Xichengyi site of Zhangye in Gansu、ring、Bubble and other bronze wares，and the stove wall residual block、Drum Tube、Mirror Fan、Oremium and slag and other smelting relics;、Tongde Zongri and other Qijia culture mid -term relics，Discover knife、cone、ring、earrings、Bubble and other bronze wares。These copper wares are both red copper，There are also arsenic bronze and tin bronze。northern Shaanxi region，Discovered the late knife of the Huishan Culture at the Shi Shizheng site、cone、镞、Copper and knives such as tooth ring。Central Plains area，Discover the bell of the advanced culture of Tao Temple at the Temple Temple in Xiangfen, Shanxi、container remnants、Tooth Ring、ring and other bronze wares，Deng Wangchenggang in Henan、Xinmi Xinzhai site found the copper container residue tablets of Wangwan's third -stage cultural late culture、Knife and other bronze wares，Coal Mountain, Ruzhou, Henan、Zhengzhou Niuzhai and other sites found that the Copper Squate with copper residue in the later period of Wangwan's third -phase culture。These bronze wares clearly belong to the bronze ware，Tao Temple and Wang Chenggang's copper container residue tablets、Gear -shaped copper ring of Tao Temple。other，Luojiabaing, Tianmen, Hubei, Hubei, Hubei, Hubei, Hubei,、Yangxin Daipu and other sites found copper residual tablets，Do not rule out that some belong to the bronze ware，and it is most likely to be introduced from the Central Plains due to the "Yu Fa Sanmei" incident。Turn up and see，Whether it is Xinjiang or the Yellow River Basin，4,000 years ago has entered the Bronze Age，Just Xinjiang began to get earlier。

　　The installment and partition of the Chinese Bronze Age

Chinese Bronze Age is roughly 4500-3000 years bet365 Play online games from the time of Chinese bronze，Can be divided into early in the bronze era、mid -term、Late。The early days of the bronze era is about 4500-3800 years.，Including Cherkok Culture in Xinjiang、Tianshan North Road Culture、Tomb Gougou -Xiaohe Culture，Yellow River、Majiayao Cultural Malaysia Factory in the Yangtze River Basin、Qijia culture mid -term、Tiger Mountain Culture Late、Tao Temple Late Culture、Wangwan Third Phase III Culture Late、Xiaojia's roof culture, etc.。Found tin bronze and arsenic bronze in these cultures，Coexist with red copper。Among them, the Yellow River、Entering the Bronze era of the Yangtze River Basin is around 4200 years away，Basically, it has been established before and after the establishment of the Xia Dynasty。The mid -period of the bronze era is about 3800-3400 years.，Including the Andrewo Culture in Xinjiang and Chermukk Culture、Tianshan North Road Culture、Late Tomb Gougly -Xiahe Culture，Late Qijia culture in the Ganqing area、Siba Culture，Zhu Kaigou Culture in the North Region，Erlitou culture in the Central Plains region。Generally equivalent to the late Xia Dynasty，The bronze wares in various places have become mainly bronze。The late period of the bronze era is about 3400-3000 years.，Including Jirenougou Culture in Xinjiang、Early early、Early and so on Subei Culture。Generally equivalent to the Shang Dynasty，Yellow River、The bronze culture of the Yangtze River Basin reaches the peak。No Rake in Hamachi, Xinjiang、鄯 洋 (sponge iron)，It indicates that it had entered the early iron era。

China's bronze era, although many archeological culture，But in terms of smelting technology and copper style，It can be summarized as two major technical systems，or two major distribution areas。The first is the casting tool with a two -in -one stone fan、Technical system for copper wares such as weapons and decorations，distributed in the vast area of ​​Northwestern China，Also seen in the Bet365 app download Asian and European grassland，Directly derived from the West。The second is the technical system of casting copper container cast with composite mud fan，Invention before and after the establishment of the Xia Dynasty in the Central Plains region，Starting from the Shang Dynasty to the Yellow River、The vast area of ​​the Yangtze River and Xiliao River Basin。Tao Temple、Wang Chenggang and other ruins of Longshan Late Copper Capital Discovery，implies that the legend of Xia Yu or Xia Qizhu Jiuding is likely to have historic basis。Casting weapons from the West、Bronze technology of tools，In the middle of the principle, the technology transformed into a technique for casting rituals with materialized social order，A major feature of becoming the era of Chinese bronze。

　　Culture and social change in the Bronze Age of China

Bronze Age as an archaeological era，Of course not only with bronze，More importantly, major changes in culture and society at that time。5000 years ago, West Asia has entered the Bronze Age，Sumer civilization was born at the same time，Entering the early national stage。More than 5,000 years ago in China more than 5,000 years ago，Chinese civilization represented by large centers such as Nanzuo and Liangzhu has long been formed，The formation of the bronze era and the formation of civilization are not synchronized。But when China enters the bronze era，Especially the Chinese Yellow River about 4000 years ago、When the Yangtze River Basin enters the Bronze Age，In the technology economy、Cultural pattern、Social forms and other aspects have occurred violently，I once called this prominent change phenomenon as China's "Bronze Age Revolution"。

Technical change，It is manifested as the rapid popularization of bronze technology，Pottery production technology is extremely prosperous and declined。One of the major features of the Longshan era is that the rotation black gray pottery technology once became extremely prosperous，Eggshell Black Pottery Cup in Longshan bet365 best casino games Culture in Haiyu area、Black Pottery of Wangwan Third Culture in the Central Plains area，All products of rotation pottery technology。Enter the late period of Longshan culture about 4000 years ago，Rotation technology gradually declines，To Erli Culture、Yue Shi cultural period fell to the trough。The pottery of Erlitou Culture, as late summer culture is basically hand -made，Yue Shi culture in Haiyu area still has rotation，But it is far thick and rough than Longshan pottery。Reasons for the reason，Perhaps related to the key transfer of handicraft technology after the transmission of bronze technology，The upper level of society may be more willing to use bronze instead of pottery to display your own special status。

Economic change，refers to the emergence and rapid development of the animal husbandry economy。Xinjiang Bronze Age is basically a animal husbandry economy or a semi -agricultural and semi -animal husbandry economy，Even the east of the Hexi Corridor and the area that is based on agriculture before east，In the late Qijia culture、Zhu Kaigou Culture and Xiajiadian's lower -level culture，At this time, it also transformed into a semi -agricultural and semi -animal husbandry economy。The bone of about 300,000 heads unearthed from the Royal City of Shizheng，It can be seen that the animal husbandry has an important role in supporting developed Shijia society。other，At this time, the drought agriculture expands south，Especially the scope of wheat planting derived from the West is obviously expanded。

Changes in the cultural pattern，Refers to the Tiger Mountain culture in the northern region to go south of Jinnan and other places，Wangwan III Culture in the Central Plains region goes south of Jianghan and Han and Han Dynasty，The Culture Culture in Northern Henan and East and East Anhui went south to Jianghuaijiang, Zhejiang and other places，The south of these cultures must be accompanied by the south and large -scale war with the crowd，As a result, the layout of Chinese culture and crowd distribution in more than bet365 Play online games 4,000 years has undergone a tremendous change and re -integration。

Changes in social form，refers to the Xia Dynasty with the Central Plains as the core for more than 4,000 years.，The kingship of the order "the world" appeared，It has entered the "Kingdom" stage from the "ancient country" stage，Development from early civilized society to mature civilized society，After developing to the late summer dynasty phase represented by Erlitou culture。

More than 4000 years away from the times is exactly the global "small ice period"，East Asian monsoon zone climate is significant dry and cold，The formation of the Chinese Bronze Age shall be closely related to such a climate background。

(The author is a professor at the School of History of Renmin University of China、A special professor of "Changjiang Scholars" of the Ministry of Education)