Mr. Qiu Xigui in the article "Earlier and Classical Reconstruction" (Edited by the Literature and Ancient Chinese Character Research Center of Fudan University: "Collection Bet365 lotto review of literature and classical Reconstruction"，China and Western Book Bureau 2018 Edition) Pointing out，"The word" classical science "in our academic community，It is a reference of ‘classical research’ in the Western academic community。Classical Studies refer to the ancient Greek for the source of Western civilization、Research on Roman civilization。Classical Studies in ancient Greek、Research on Guladin and Greece、Organization of the Roman era、Research -based，covering Greece、All aspects of the Roman era，such as philosophy、Literature、Art、Technology、History, etc. "，and think，"Chinese 'Classical Scholars'，It should refer to the sorting and research of the pre -Qin classics as the source of Chinese civilization。Our classical coverage does not have to be as wide as classical research "。Actually，In Western Academic Circles，For "Ancient Greek、Research on Guladin and Greece、Organization of the Roman era、Research "is" Philologia "，Study "Greece、All aspects of the Roman era "is" classics "(Classics，or "Classical Studies")，The development of "literature" and "classical science" in time。

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Linguistics in the language，"PHILOLOGIA" is composed of "Philos" and "Logos"，"Philos" means "love bet365 live casino games or love"，"LOGOS" term is complicated by the items，Can be "Words"，It can also be "Knowledge、Reason，etc.。In the pen of classical writers such as Plato，"Lovers" have no exact direction，But there is a certain relationship with "learning about text" or "love for words"，Its connotation is comparable to the Chinese context of "study"。In Western history，The first one who claims to be "Philologos" is the Elaosseus, who was the curator of the Alexander City Library in Egypt.，"It is said to be learned and more capable"。In the Greek era，Alexander City as the cultural center of the Greek world，More than 500,000 volumes hidden in the library of the place。Scholars in the museum are mainly engaged in the collection and finishing work of manuscripts，They not only invented the collation symbol，And the words that are easy to get ambiguity are distinguished by special symbols to distinguish the heavily or long and short sound。Another，Karimacus conducted a catalog in the collection of the museum according to Aristotle's practice at the Lacion Academy.，Among them, unparalleled copybook questions。It can be said，The literature organizational work of scholars in the Alexander City Scholars opened the advance of classical literature，History called "Alexander City School"。

In Western Chinese，The so -called "classical" is derived from the Latin "Classicus" -thebirth of the adjective "classis" (also "classis") -，can also refer to the "first level" among citizens，Later for modifying "first -class writers"，To the 6th century, the nouns。The interpretation of "Classicus" or "Classis" in the Middle Ages Latin and early Bilingual Dictionary Bet365 app download basically retains ancient meaning，Corresponding to it in English is "Classical" or "Classic"，and "Classics" noun plural forms refer to Greece、Latin literature works，In the late 19th century, another "classical science" solution，But all of their "showing learning" status。"Classics" this point of this direction is influenced by German classical academic traditions，Its meaning is almost the term "Altertumswissenschaft" created by Friedrich August Wolf.。

　　Establish a classical discipline system

In Germany，It aims to re -discover that the trend of ancient new humanist thoughts rose in the mid -18th century。，The German academic community has gradually got rid of the influence of French culture，Winkerman、Ledin、Held、Veram、Hiene、Goge、Schiller、Volfs and Humboldt representatives。As a university professor，Heine puts the idealism of new humanism into teaching practice for the first time。Following J.M. Gesner，He continued to host the literature discussion class at the University of Gosteen，Entering teaching work mainly based on ancient Greek research through text interpretation and paper discussion。

As a student of Heine，Study ancient Greek since childhood、Gulff in Gulladin successfully registered as "Studiosus Philology Philology" at the University of Gosteen in 1777，This move is regarded as the beginning of the founding of the Western classical academic community，Because the university at the time had not set up such a subject category。During the teachings of Ilfield Middle School，Wolf completed the booking and annotation of Plato's "Banquet"，The purpose is to evoke the interests of young students' research on Plato。During the teachings at Halle bet365 Play online games University，The Department of Founding the Literature。In the following 23 years，Wolf completed Heri Russia's "God of God"、The booking and comments of classical literature such as Homer Epic。In addition，To cultivate Greek and Latin teachers、Study on Classical Studies，Wolf repeatedly taught the "disciplines and methods in ancient research" during school ( Und Methodology Der Studien Des Alterthums) Course，After the content of the concept of classical science、range、Demonstration and Significance "(darstellung der altertumswissenschaft nach before, umfang und zweck) Published as the title。In this Introduction，Wolf puts Greek and Latin language in Latin、Poetry Rhyme、Literature Interpretation、School 雠、History、Mythology、Archeology、Coin learning、Religious teaching、Architecture、Coin learning、The history of the study of inscriptions and the history of Greece and Latin literature, including the research of the research of classical studies。It can be seen from the end of the number of Wolf，The classical science he advocates covers Greece、All areas related to Rome。Before Wolf，French scholar Joseph J. Scaliger has proposed the concept of "studying the academic research as an omnipotent discipline"，and was applied by Winkerman in the book "History of Ancient Art"。This concept also directly affects Wolf，But he finally established the discipline system of classical science with the name "Altertumswissenschaft" for the first time，and make it an important branch in modern humanities。

　The dispute between Berke and Herman

迨 to the early 19th century，The discussion of the essence of classical literature and the research path bet365 live casino games in the German academic community is more deeper，History "Berke and Herman's dispute"，"Sachphilologie" representatives represented by A. BOECKH and G. Hermann's "WorldPhilologie" faction's argument。Linguistics in the language，"Sachphilologie" and "WorldILOLOGIE" with "Philologie" as the basic words involve literature。"SACH-" in "Sachphilology" as "other aspects except text"。Berke thinks，Classical language is a tool，and to Greece、The understanding of Roman civilization should be combined with other research areas，That is, "Many known disciplines" or "Greece、All aspects of the Roman era "，In fact, "Altertumswissenschaft"。Berke continued Wolf's view，In its "The General Theory of the Discipline and Methods of Classics" ( UND METHODOLOGIE DER PHILOLOGISCHEN WISSSSSCHAFTEN) In the book，He shows many branches of classical disciplines in the form of "Wissenschaften"。Berke thinks，Ancient Greek """ used to modify """，Refers to "All the content that youth should learn from the perspective of human concern" (Leipzig: "Classical Studies and Method General Theory"，Tiebina Press 1886 Edition)，All the wisdom of the ancients as the research object of classical science，This is exactly what Berke calls "Encyklop? 觌 DIE"。In this book，Berke is characterized by ancient Greece -Roman national characteristics、Public and personal life、Religion and Art、Culture and intelligence is a major category，Ending the specific branches of classical science，Each chapter is attached to the supplementary instructions of the research method，It is emphasized that in the research should follow the principle of Bet365 lotto review "special" to "general"，In -depth should be performed around the research object、Fresh research。Compared with Wolf's classical system，Berke's more systematic、Weekly。Except for citing，He himself uses the word "altertumswissenschaft"，But from the perspective of the research path，The discipline system built by Berke is obviously based on Wolf's concept of "treating the ancient world as a whole"。

，The "worldphilologie" represented by Herman is almost disdain from Berke's concept of classical disciplines and its specific research。The word "world" in "Abortphilology" means "word" or "language"，The meaning of "Philology" in ancient Greek is similar to。Herman pointed out，Disclosure from classical language，The understanding of ancient society is like an empty building。Therefore，For the error or grammatical understanding of the copy of the book in the Berke's "The Inscriptions of Greece"，Herman is more criticized。He thinks，For Greece、The Classical Classical Literature of Roman Civilization Classical Literature itself，The purpose of this method is not departed from the "modern literature" created by Wolf;，Especially in the specific study of the development history of six steps，Also using a historical research method similar to Wolf。Speaking，This period of classical academic community seems to be separated，In fact, all are used to ancient Greece、The cognition of Roman civilization is the final purpose，The former strives to be comprehensive，The latter focuses on precision。

"The dispute between Berke and Herman" except for personal grievances，What they continue to demonstrate is just a different research paradigm Bet365 lotto review of literature and classical science。If "our classical coverage does not have to be as wide as classical research"，It is also in line with the perspective of the Helman faction。

(The author is a professor at the Institute of World Classical Civilization History of Northeast Normal University、Vice President of the World Ancient Medieval History Research Association、Outstanding Talent of the New Century of the Ministry of Education)