China in the 13th and 14th centuries，After the Mongols’ three western and southern expeditions for nearly a century，Become “Six Contracts Style，The unified dynasty of "the nine states co-operate" (Xu Youren's "Preface to the Great Unification")。With the help bet365 refer a friend code large-scale expansion bet365 refer a friend code Maritime and Land Silk Road，Countries along the Silk Road "do not hesitate to pay tribute to China"，To cultivate civil service；Tishan Navigation，To facilitate mutual markets” (Wang Dayuan’s “Preface to Dao Yi Zhi”)，At the same time，Countries along the Silk Road also have a deeper understanding of China。Chinese and foreign travel literature of this period，There are many works related to the expansion bet365 refer a friend code Silk Road，Vividly reflects the style of this historical period。

　　Promote Sino-foreign connectivity

The 13th and 14th centuries were a period of major changes in the world structure: on the one hand，The Mongols have been fighting for many years，"Merge the Western Regions，Ping Xixia，Destroy Jurchen，Chen Gaoli，Ding Nanzhao，Then he went to the south bet365 refer a friend code Yangtze River" ("History bet365 refer a friend code Yuan Dynasty·Geography 1")，East、The Western world is therefore “without borders and barriers” (Yu Ji’s "Ke Ting Ji")，Barriers broken down to a great extent；On the other hand，The Mongols attach unprecedented importance to the construction of post stations: "Fan Station，Lu Ze uses horses and oxen，Or as a donkey，Or by car，And water uses a boat"，The role played by post stations in the Yuan Dynasty was also regarded as greater than that bet365 refer a friend code previous generation: "So the envoys from all directions... Tihang Bida，Haiyu concurred，Yuanzhitianxia，Considering the previous generations as being extremely prosperous。”("History bet365 refer a friend code Yuan Dynasty·Bingzhi IV")

Marco Polo described the density of post stations in the Yuan Dynasty in his travel notes、Convenience、Comfort gives a very detailed description: "It's called Station (Iamb)，As we call it, the horse-supplying post is also called。Each post has a large and magnificent mansion，The envoys live here，The house is filled with extremely gorgeous couches，Chen silk quilt，Everything the envoy needs is provided。Suppose a king comes here，The accommodation will be quite comfortable。” (Feng Chengjun’s translation of “The Travels of Marco Polo”) The convenience bet365 refer a friend code post station allowed China to be interconnected with the world in the 13th and 14th centuries，People of that period deeply lamented: "Thank you to Emperor Shizu，We are at home all over the world，Vocal teaching is gradually being replaced，There is no boundary between this and that。Shuonan’s relationship with fame and fortune，The person who lives thousands of miles away is like staying in the home，Those who are thousands of miles away are like leaving the neighborhood。" (Wang Li's "Yi Zhong Ji") Diverse customs and culture "邂妳寿发"，The title bet365 refer a friend code carving on the face，Presenting a mastiff to imitate a horse，The tribute elephant enters the rhinoceros”，"The way to the country"，People can "live without leaving home"。(Huang Wenzhong's "Dadu Fu")

　　Updating the understanding of heterogeneous bet365 refer a friend code circles

In the context bet365 refer a friend code large-scale expansion bet365 refer a friend code Silk Road，The world in the 13th and 14th centuries was no longer monolithic。On the one hand，The territory bet365 refer a friend code Yuan Dynasty spanned Europe and Asia，The four major cultural circles that coexist from east to west in Eurasia (the Han cultural circle in East Asia with China as the center)、Islamic cultural circle in Central Asia and West Asia、The Indian cultural circle in South Asia and the Christian cultural circle in the Eastern Mediterranean and Europe) are all related to China。On the other hand，The outside world’s perception of China has undergone great changes during the drastic changes in the world。China gradually developed to include the Mongolian people、Khitan、A multi-ethnic country with many ethnic minorities including the Jurchens。

"Our Yuan Dynasty began to conquer the northwest countries，The Western Region was the first to be included，Therefore, the people in his country have many uses。" (Xu Youren's "Heart Stele of Hajiha the Envoy from the Western Regions") Accompanying the Mongols in their Western Expedition，People from the Western Regions migrated eastward to China on a large scale，This has greatly promoted the exchange and integration between the Arab Islamic cultural circle and China。So in the capital city，A grand scene of people from the Western Regions celebrating the Corban Festival began to appear: "The God of Gaochang wears his head，Wielding a sword and riding a sheep with fierce force。People from other countries on October 13th，Luo Pu Noodle Cake to celebrate God’s Day。" (Zhang Yu's "The Song bet365 refer a friend code Chariot") There is also a true description of people from the Western Regions fasting: "The flower gates look forward to the moon and their eyebrows grow，Not eating during the day and being full at night。Wrap your head to the west and give gifts to the circle of households，When you get out bet365 refer a friend code bath, you will be called Ami" (Zhang Yu's "The Song bet365 refer a friend code Chariot")，Wait。The religious sites and different religious customs all over China continue to influence the cultural concepts bet365 refer a friend code Chinese people。

In the field of literature，The so-called "The Rise of Yuan"，Children from the Northwest，Everything is horizontal，Deep cultivation，The emergence of extraordinary talents... can also be said to be the most prosperous for a while！" (Gu Sili's "Selected Poems bet365 refer a friend code Yuan Dynasty·Wu Collection·Sa Experienced La") The large number of writers from the Western Regions added a very unique scenery to the literature bet365 refer a friend code Yuan Dynasty。Meanwhile，The Ilkhanate established by Kublai Khan’s younger brother Hulagu had close ties with the Yuan Dynasty，The Arab Islamic cultural circle has further deepened its understanding of China: "Qitai (Khitan)"、Qin (Northern China)、The writings of Moqin (Southern China) and other countries adjacent to it have never reached us，Even if there are occasional incoming calls，No one translated it，Because of this, we cannot appreciate the wonderful uses bet365 refer a friend code various mechanical devices they invented，No way to know them based on personal experience、Incisive insights and conclusions drawn from thinking about many difficult issues due to the living environment and one's own nature。”(Rashit’s “Book of Treasures or Chinese Medicine”) is based on this idea，Leveraging on the frequent and close relations with China，Chinese medicine、Agriculture、Papermaking、Printing、Compass technology, etc.，Consciously translated by Rashid and other upper-class literati、Propagation，Widely introduced to Central Asia、West Asian countries and regions，Eventually spread to the West，Thus having an important impact on the development bet365 refer a friend code world。

13th-14th century，The Christian cultural circle also relied on the opening bet365 refer a friend code Maritime and Land Silk Road，Started the process of “Looking from the West to the East”。From the first Italian Franciscan missionary who arrived in Mongolia to Monte Govino、Odoric、Marinoli，To the businessman Marco Polo, etc.，The experiences of missionaries and traders who came into contact with the Mongols and arrived in China and their narratives，Making Europeans’ understanding of “China” gradually move from legendary expressions to the real world。“The inhabitants there were often called Seres in ancient times。They produce the best silk materials，This kind of silk material is called Seric according to the name of this nation，And this people received the name Seres from the name of one of their cities"。(Dawson's "Envoy to Mongolia: Ruburu's Travels to Qidong")

In the eyes of Westerners at that time，Hangzhou "is the largest city in the world" ("Odoric Journey to the East" translated by He Gaoji)，“In addition to the densely packed shops on both sides bet365 refer a friend code streets in the city，There are also ten large squares or markets”，“On each market’s three trading days a week，Forty or fifty thousand people come to the market，They can buy all the goods they need in the market”，“These ten markets are surrounded by Gaozhai Hongyu，The ground floor bet365 refer a friend code building is a shop，Manage various products，Selling various goods，includes spices、Medicinal materials、Trinkets and pearls, etc.”。(Yu Qianfan’s translation of "The Travels of Marco Polo") To a certain extent，The advent bet365 refer a friend code Age of Discovery、The awakening of civilization in the Western world originated from the curiosity and exploration of Eastern China，Or more directly, it stems from the envy of China’s wealth，And such as Marco Polo、Detailed descriptions left by Odoric and others after they traveled to China，Played an important role in promoting this。

　　Strengthen the identity bet365 refer a friend code homogeneous cultural circle

13th-14th century，East Asian cultural circle is based on the two Song Dynasties，Further expansion bet365 refer a friend code extension。North Korea is to the east、Japan，The southeast is Vietnam and its south、Southeast Asian countries to the east，Southwest includes China’s Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau，Directly from the west to the east bet365 refer a friend code Pamir Plateau，To the north, cross the Mongolian steppe and reach the Siberian forest，Northeast reaches the outer Xing'an Mountains and inside and outside。Chinese writing and acquisition not only include Han literati，Also includes Korea、Annan、Authors from Japan and other regions and countries。In these Southeast Asian countries，Reading Chinese classics，Communicate and write in Chinese，Is an important symbol bet365 refer a friend code upper-class cultural circle。Especially Goryeo，Chen Lu, the official bet365 refer a friend code Yuan Dynasty pointed out，Korean people believe that being able to pass the imperial examination bet365 refer a friend code Yuan Dynasty is more honorable than being a civil servant in this dynasty: "Today, Korea has its own officials，And its talented people have often used the established science and technology to serve their country，Gu Fu traveled thousands of miles to test the capital，Those who can win their country，Not as proud as those in the imperial court。" (Chen Lu's "Preface to Sending Li Zhongfu's Envoy to the East for the Expedition") Goryeo literati also had a poem that said, "I want to travel to the country from a public trip，An Neng is depressed in the wilderness" (Zheng Zhongfu's "Sending My Middle Father Li Hanlin Back to the Court")，Reflects the Korean people’s admiration and recognition of Chinese culture。

After the unification of Jiangnan，The Yuan Dynasty inherited the overseas heritage bet365 refer a friend code Southern Song Dynasty，Jiang Nanhai、The Indian Ocean is included in the dynasty development system，In addition, the Semu people in the Western Regions are highly dependent on and identify with the Yuan Dynasty regime，To the end bet365 refer a friend code 13th century，From China to Iran、The sea areas bet365 refer a friend code Arabian region and the entire sea routes passing through，Entering the sphere of influence bet365 refer a friend code Yuan Dynasty regime。"马八儿、Sumena、Sengjili、Nan Weili、Malandan、Nawang、Ding Heer、Lai Lai、Also in emergency、Sumu Dula Ten Kingdoms，Each of them sends his disciples to come to the palace to pay homage，Still paying tribute to Fangwu" ("History bet365 refer a friend code Yuan Dynasty: The Eleventh Anniversary of Shizu")，This further deepens the influence of Indian cultural circle on South Asia、Exchanges and recognition between Southeast Asia and China。The power bet365 refer a friend code Mabal Kingdom (today's east coast of South India) in the Indian Ocean is "enough to guide all other countries" ("History bet365 refer a friend code Yuan Dynasty·Waiyi III")，And his prince Bohari settled in China，Prime Minister Bu Ali "donated all his wives and children"、Zongqi、Old business，A hundred people will follow you alone，Come to the throne with the envoys" (Liu Minzhong's "Edict to Zide doctor Zhongshu Youcheng to discuss Fujian and other places to save trouble and give it to Ronglu doctor Sikong Jingyi Gongbu Ali Shinto inscription")，After that, he served as an official in the Yuan Dynasty until his old age。

Overall，13th-14th century，The Mongols opened up the Silk Road for mutual understanding between people bet365 refer a friend code Eastern and Western worlds，China also relied on the Mongols to vigorously develop the Maritime and Land Silk Road and build post stations along the way，Frequent interactions with the world，This not only makes the ancient imagination of "China" full and vivid bet365 refer a friend code hearts of people around the world，And Chinese culture、Literature is also particularly rich and brilliant because of its openness and tolerance。

(This article is a phased result bet365 refer a friend code National Social Science Fund’s major bidding project “Compilation and Research of Silk Road Literary Documents in the 13th and 14th Centuries” (17ZDA256)

(Author’s unit: Jiangnan bet365 refer a friend code Research Center, Zhejiang Normal University)