13th-14th century，Relying on the expansion of the entire line、Maritime Silk Road，Different ethnic groups around the world、People of different faiths travel north and south、Journey East and West，Finally gathered in Dadu、Xanadu、Hangzhou、Cities in bet365 casino bonus represented by Quanzhou and others，Formed a rich and prosperous urban literary landscape of bet365 casino bonus。Writers from multiple ethnic groups、Content worldwide、Diversified writing styles，Jointly influencing the pattern of literature in bet365 casino bonus，From the strong south to the weak north before bet365 casino bonus、No communication between China and foreign countries，Developed into the north-south balance of bet365 casino bonus、China Unicom China and Foreign Countries，Finally achieved the global pattern of Yuan Dynasty literature。

　The "multi-ethnic" group of bet365 casino bonus

The group of writers active in Yuan Dynasty cities was diverse，Not only the Mongols、色目人、Han Chinese、Southerners、Korea，Also from Southeast Asia、Arab、Travelers from Europe and other places。Compared with the previous generation，The team of urban literature writers in bet365 casino bonus showed obvious "multi-ethnic" characteristics。

Except for the traditional Han literati group，This phenomenon of Western writers and Western travelers participating in urban literary creation is extremely eye-catching。The rise of writers from the Western Regions in the literary world of bet365 casino bonus is related to the wave of people from the Western Regions migrating eastward brought about by Mongolia’s three Western Expeditions。These people from the Western Regions followed the Mongols to conquer the world，Most of them settled in the cities of the Central Plains，The capital of the north、Hangzhou in the south is full of people from the Western Regions。"The one possessed by bet365 casino bonus，Also often compiles Guan Jiang、Zhejiang、闽、Guangma，And Hangzhou Youhuo，No., color, species。” (Tian Rucheng’s “West Lake Tour Chronicles”) Many of them study Chinese culture，"Abandoning bows and horses to write poems"，Became a new force in urban literary creation in bet365 casino bonus。"The rise of Yuan Dynasty，The children of the northwest are all transversal，Deep cultivation，Combined talents。Yunshi Haiya、Ma Boyong rose to the forefront with his beautiful and fresh style，And Tianxi followed... So Ya Zhengqing (Hu)、Da Jian Shan (Tai Bu Hua)、Nai Yi Zhi (Nai Xian)、Yu Tingxin and others，Everyone shows off his talents，Biaoqi Jingxiu，It can also be said that it is a very prosperous one！” (Gu Sili’s “Selected Poems of bet365 casino bonus”)

Italian Bishop Plano Garbini，Missionary William Lubruch、Meng Govino、Odoric、Marinoli，Businessman Marco Polo，Moroccan traveler Ibn Battuta and others，Via Lu、The Maritime Silk Road travels between East and West。In their writing，Leaving records of Westerners’ views of Chinese cities in the history of cultural exchanges between the East and the West。In the history of Chinese literature，This is unprecedented。1271 years，Marco Polo departs from Venice，Via Mediterranean、Black Sea、The Middle East reaches Baghdad，Then from the Persian Gulf through the Strait of Hormuz、Iran、Afghanistan、The Pamir Plateau and other places reach the Western Regions，Visit Dunhuang again、Yumenguan and other places，Finally arrived at bet365 casino bonus Shangdu in 1275。After living in China for 17 years，Marco Polo sailed from Quanzhou in 1292，Return to Venice from Maritime Silk Road。Marco Polo’s trip to the East that lasted for decades，Realized the largest spatial range of people traveling around the world in the 13th and 14th centuries，"The Travels of Marco Polo" tells the Eastern myth that shocked Western countries，Opening the mysterious Eastern door to the world。

　　The “cosmopolitan nature” of bet365 casino bonus life

As a unified world empire，A variety of civilizations gathered on the territory of the Yuan Empire，There is nomadic civilization、Western Region Civilization、Farming Civilization、Marine civilization, etc.，This adds freshness to urban writing in bet365 casino bonus、Diverse subject matter，It also brings an exotic aesthetic experience。

Yuan Shangdu，The emerging prairie capital，With its beautiful grassland scenery、Famous for its obvious nomadic culture，Is an important theme written by Yuan people。The court horse-racing banquet held every year in Shangdu reflects the "cosmopolitan" nature of Yuan people's life。Scam Horse Banquet，Also known as "Zhi Sun Banquet"，It is the banquet custom of bet365 casino bonus court，Three days of fun，Never stop drunk，The scene was extremely lively，Except for cooking cattle and sheep，There are also palace music and dances、Competitive performances, horse racing and other activities。Zheng Yong's "False Horse"、Gong Shitai's "Shangdu deceives Ma Dayan"、Yuan Jue's "Making a Horse"、Zhou Boqi's "Horse Fraud" and "Marco Polo's Travels" both have detailed records of horse fraud scenes。Yang Yunfu wrote in "Miscellaneous Odes of Luanjing": "Jiayu Gong comes from Heilongjiang，Wine from the Western Regions is better。Nantu Zhiqikaaifengxui，The exotic product in the northern border is Yellow Sheep。”The “Jiayu” eaten at the banquet is produced in Heilongjiang，The "grape wine" you drink is produced in the Western Regions，The tea I drank was the most exotic "Phoenix Marrow Tea" from the Southland，And "Yellow Sheep" is the best meat on the grassland。Fish eaten at the Horse Feast、Wine、Tea、Meat，from the East、西、South、North，It can be said that it brings together the essence of food from all over the world。In ancient times, people said: "The place where the four arks and chariots meet，Prosperous scenery，Mojiayan in ancient and modern times。Northern Laxi Niang，Dongxing Nanxian，Every strange smell in the world，Ask for everything。Kyushu Terroir All Rights Reserved，The natives haven’t seen each other yet，It has already flown over land and sea。” (Xu Youren’s “Preface to the Poem of Swallows Drinking in the Boat Pavilion”)

Most of them are multi-ethnic、A gathering place for literati from many regions，The transportation is convenient、Prosperity of trade、The prosperity of the city、Diversity of Culture，The most concentrated and comprehensive display in bet365 casino bonus urban literature，The number of related works is very large。Among them，The most representative ones are the two "Dadu Fu"。Huang Wenzhong's "Ode to Dadu" on the history of Dadu's capital establishment、Topography、Urban pattern、Business trade、Recreation and entertainment, etc. try your best to copy，Shows the prosperity of Dadu。"Hua District Jinshi，Treasures gathered from all over the world；Singhouse and Dance Pavilion、Create the beauty of Kyushu。…extremely complicated，It’s hard to get a name。”“If it’s outside the city gate，Civilization is the foundation of watercraft，Lizheng is the sea of ​​clothes，Shuncheng is the base of Southern Shang，Ping Ze is the Xi Jia faction。Born Real Estate，鬼宝神爱，Man-made materialization，Odd mountain and sea monster，Get it without asking，Self-collection without gathering。”

Youyuan generation，The most prosperous city is Hangzhou。In the writings of Western travelers，Hangzhou was the largest in the world at that time、The best city。Marco Polo said，Hangzhou is the “Heavenly City”，It is "the most gorgeous and precious city in the world"，“There are many merchants in the city，Quite rich，The greatness of trade，No one can count”，“There are ten major markets in the city，There are countless small markets along the street" ("The Travels of Marco Polo" translated by Feng Chengjun)。The Moroccan traveler Ibn Battuta recorded the cultural spectacle of "many languages ​​singing together" when he visited the West Lake: "Singers on the boat、Musicians sing Chinese songs from time to time、Avenge or Persian song。The chief’s son likes Persian songs very much。Persian songs sung，Chief’s son，ordered to sing repeatedly。I am listening，You can remember all the lyrics。The sound of this song is elegant and beautiful。” (Ma Jinpeng’s translation of “The Travels of Ibn Battuta” (China Part)) Travelers from foreign lands gather in Hangzhou，Breaking culture with beautiful music、Ethnicity、Region、Country boundaries，Outlines the most cosmopolitan aspects of Hangzhou’s urban life、Openness、Inclusive and vivid scenes。This kind of daily life shows the intersection of multiple cultures，It is the product of cultural exchanges under the background of the Silk Road expansion，This is also the characteristic that makes cities in bet365 casino bonus very different from cities in other dynasties。

　bet365 casino bonus pattern“North-South balance, bet365 casino bonus-foreign connectivity”

Observed from the perspective of spatial geography，Easy to find，The northern cities represented by Dadu and Xanadu and the southern cities represented by Hangzhou and Quanzhou formed a balance between the north and the south in the literary world of bet365 casino bonus、The new pattern of China Unicom。Double capital city model of Dadu and Xanadu，forming a radiating river north and south、The core metropolitan area of ​​the east and west world，Attracting officials from all over the world、Literati、Businessman、The missionaries are waiting to go，Northern urban literature is booming。Especially after the mid-Yuan Dynasty，With the implementation of the civil servant system，A large number of civil servants travel regularly between Dadu and Xanadu，Spawned a large number of poetic works describing Dadu and Xanadu，The formation of an unprecedented Dadu-Xanadu literary creation and communication circle。Jie Xisi said: "Since the celestial calendar、Since Zhishun，The fate of civilization in the world，Servants of the Spring and Autumn Period，Han Tao Dehua，Those who are good at writing and writing，Everyone expresses his emotions，Song of Form。" (Jie Xisi's "Postscript to Beijing") These works are "the combination of beauty and merit"，Xuan Chengping’s great virtues" (Su Tianjue's "After the Compilation of Poems on Shangjing's Journey to Beijing" by Su Tianjue)，Represents the mainstream of urban literature in bet365 casino bonus。

Western missionaries、Businessmen and others also participated in the creation and dissemination of urban literature in bet365 casino bonus。For example，Bilang Jian recorded that he was at Guyuk Khan’s enthronement ceremony，Meet someone from Oros、Khitan、Korea、Guer only and more than 4,000 envoys sent by more than a dozen Islamic countries。The second volume of "The Travels of Marco Polo" records Dadu in detail、Xanadu、Hangzhou、The prosperity of Quanzhou and other Yuan Dynasty cities。Records of Western Travelers about Yuan Dynasty Cities，Let Westerners see the prosperity and wealth of the Eastern world，Having a pioneering role in opening up the Age of Discovery。

In short，In the 13th to 14th centuries in China、In the historical context of the comprehensive expansion of the Maritime Silk Road bringing global connectivity，The great migration of nations and the great integration of cultures promoted the prosperity and development of literature in bet365 casino bonus。Represented by urban writing in bet365 casino bonus，The literary world of bet365 casino bonus showed extensive exchanges of various cultures、New scenes of deep interaction。With the arrival of Western travelers，Information about Yuan Dynasty cities also spread overseas along with Westerners’ records。It can be said，As a window for cultural integration，Urban literature in bet365 casino bonus transcended the boundaries of space，Became a typical representative of exchanges and mutual learning among various cultures in the 13th and 14th centuries and even in the history of human civilization development。

　　(Author’s affiliation: School of Chinese Language and bet365 casino bonus, Beijing Foreign Studies University)