Ancient books discriminating is the research on the authenticity of ancient books and the issue of their book -to -age issues，Is an important part of literature。Dested，Literature has attached special importance to the discrimination of ancient books from the beginning。Western Han Liu Xiang, who was pushed as the originator of literature、Liu Ye's father and son already pay attention to the authenticity of ancient books。Liu Xiang "Yan Zichun Autumn" narrative "cloud:" There is quite inconsistent surgery，It looks like Fei Yanzi，Those who are doubtful after the later generations。"Ban Gu's" Han Book · Yi Wen Zhi "and their self -admission are based on Liu Ye's" Seven Strategy "compilation，Reflected the research results of Liu's father and son。"Hanshu · Yi Wen Zhi" "Zhuzi Lue" records 9 articles "Wenzi"，Self -note: "Those who are dependent also。"" 22 articles "Li Mu"，Self -injection: "I made by the six kingdoms，Tuo Zhili Mu。"" Big"37 articles，Self -Note: "Rumors made by Yu，Its text is like a later life。"All the authors of these ancient books and the age of the book are not reliable，It is actually a book written by the pseudo -ancient people later。

　bet365 live casino games

Liu Xiang Father and Son of Dynasties，Also attaches great importance to the discrimination of ancient books，formed a long -flowing and long -distance fake tradition。The Qing Dynasty examined the prosperity of learning，Pseudo -pseudo -ancient books are pushed to a new height。Differential research represented by Yan Ruoxuan's "Shangshu Ancient Culture"，It has an important position in the history of the Qing Dynasty。In the early years of the Republic of China，The "Ancient History Different" school represented by Gu Jiegang，On the one hand, inherit the ancient Chinese distinguished tradition，On the other hand, absorb western academic concepts and methods，from "Differential Book" and then "False History"，Put forward the view of "the ancient history caused by layers"，The influence is extremely far -reaching。

Driven by the "Ancient History" school，Ancient Books Different Pseudo -once became Xue Xue，Many scholars participate in the discrimination research and discussion，Get remarkable results。But there is no dedication，Under the shroud of doubt ancient thoughts，Some scholars' discrimination Bet365 lotto review research is too light and radical，The disadvantages of the lack of evidence of some ancient books and the disadvantage of the evidence of insufficient evidence。In recent decades，Promotion of the research of unearthed literature，Scholars have a deeper understanding of the complexity of the pre -Qin ancient books and the complexity of circulating evolution methods，Therefore, questioning the tendency of "suspecting and courage" in the predecessor's discrimination research。In this context，The academic world gradually emerges the academic trend of "getting out of suspicion"。

"Going out of suspicion" thought has its own positive academic value and meaning，But some scholars emphasize too much emphasis on "getting out of doubt"，There are also some adverse tendencies that are overheated。Some pseudo -books that have long been concluded，such as the pseudo -"ancient text Shang Shu" and so on，There are often scholars who work hard to flip the case，But failed to respond to the evidence of the predecessor's predecessor。Even some scholars have some prejudice about the discrimination research itself，Intentionally or unintentionally derogation or even denying ancient books to identify pseudo research。

For example，Methods about the discrimination of ancient books，Hu Yinglin in the Ming Dynasty proposed "False Pseudo -Eight Methods"，Liang Qichao's "Chinese History Research Law" further summarizes it as "Twelve cases of falsehood"，In the "Eight Methods of Turbing the Truth of the Foundation"，and the five methods of "discern from the content of the text"。Some scholars criticize this one by one，I think it cannot be established。Differential method summarized by Liang Qichao，Almost the main methods of identifying scholars of all ages include them。If these false methods cannot be established，It is tantamount to the legitimacy of the discrimination of ancient books。But actually，These false methods are not established，It's just not in isolation。

Taking the first method of Liang Qichao as an example: "From the old aspirations, you will not record，Determined to fake，or suspicious。"This is evidence that the ancient books circulated from the perspective of the directory，If an ancient book that advertises very early times，However, no records were seen in the early books，Of course very suspicious，This is the most basic method for identifying ancient books。The refutorer is based on Yu Jiaxi's "Ancient Books" "The Books of History bet365 best casino games and Classics of History" to deny this false method。This method of refutation is to beolate this false method first、Absolute，Then this method is not enough to discriminate。This ignores the combination of combination of the false method itself.。"Lone Syndrome" is the creed of research，Can't use a method to distinguish the pseudo of ancient books。Liang Qichao adds three words "or suspicious"，It shows that it can be recognized that it can not be absolutely distinguished by the solitary certificate。Yu Jiaxi proposed that "the history of the history of the history of the history of the history" stated: "Nothing to defend all the pseudo -books ...，Stone room excavation，The principle of cutting thousands of years for thousands of years。Ruo "Ancient Three Grave" and "Zi Huazi" protruding from Song，Zigong "Poetry Biography"、Shen Pei's "Poetry", "Yu Lingzi", "History of Tianlu Pavilion" is prominent in Ming，Pseudo -delusion is obvious，Can't help this example。"Yu Jiaxi also acknowledged the rationality of this false method summarized by Liang Qichao。Reflecting the predecessor's distinguished method，Point out the exception that may exist in these methods，It is undoubtedly beneficial，But if it is simply and rudely negating the false method，I'm afraid it is not appropriate。

　　Correctly understand "Ancient Books"

Some scholars like to use the "Ancient Book Tongs" summarized by Yu Jiaxi and others to refute false research。Very true，"Ancient Book Tong", of course, there is a side of the discrimination of ancient books，But few scholars noticed，Some "ancient books" itself is just a summary of the fake results of ancient books，Can't blindly negate the conclusion of the discrimination research。

For example，"Ancient books are not all hands".，The earliest discussion and the problem were the Qing people Sun Xingyan and Yan Kejun。Sun Xingyan's "Yan Zi Chunqiu" preface "said:" (Yan) baby death，Its guests mourn，Stabbing him from the history of the country to become a book ...，Fanzi Zi Book，More non -self -，Badfast Monster。"Yan Kejun's" Book "After the Tube" "cloud:" The person who edited the book of the person said that the book is more about the management of the book，More beneficiaries for the lavery。No need to hold it，Pre -Qin Zhuzi，Disciples or guests or descendants，No need to hold it。"Sun Xingyan、Yan Kejun's discussion，About all because of the "Four Treasury Books General Mets"。Before the Tang bet365 best casino games Dynasty，Most scholars think that "Tube" and "Yan Zi" is the tube、written by Yan Zi。After the Song Dynasty, scholars had more doubts，"Four Kibu Quanshu General", on this basis, "Yan Zi" is not written by Yan Zi，but the biography of Yan Zi's deeds compiled by the future generations，I also think that "Tuzi" "Most of the future generations will be more than (tube) Zhongzhizhi book"。Sun Xingyan、Yan Kejun is intended to defend "Yan Zi" and "Guanzi"，Think of the content of the two books, although the content、Tube self -writing，But can still be regarded as Yan Zi、Book of the Pipe，instead of being regarded as a pseudo -trusted benefit or edited by future generations，Because the ancient books were "not all hands"。

Sun Xingyan、The "Ancient Books Not All in Hands" proposed by Yan Kejun are indeed consistent with the way to make a book of some pre -Qin ancient books，With academic value。But in terms of specific ancient books，But not all can apply this "general example"。Even Sun Xingyan、Yan Kejun believes that "Yan Zi" and "Guanzi" are guests、Disciples or descendants to write，In fact, it is just a guess for reference，There is no real evidence。Yan Kejun even applies this general case to defend "Xunzi"。"General Metro of the Book of Siku"，Xunzi is known to see King Zhou Wenwen，And the book has Zhou Chengwang asked and Uncle Kangfeng，It is a pseudo -support benefit for future generations。Yan Kejun's "" Xunzi "Syrian" stated: "Covering the" Grasson "is not the word of the bears ...，"鬻》" Gai Kang、Queen Zhao recorded by Zhou Shichen，or the descendants of the sister -in -law describe the preliminary Jiayan，The Order of the Chu Kingdom。"Yan Kejun believes that" Xunzi "is written in Western Zhou，"The sons are the earliest" in "The Skinth"。It is obviously untenable。Sun Xingyan's "Yan Danzi" Preface "also applied this general example to defend" Yan Danzi "，It is considered to be the ancient book of the pre -Qin Dynasty，I'm afraid it is also difficult to establish。This can be seen，"Ancient books are not all hands", although it is in line with some pre -Qin ancient books.，But unprepared understanding。If "Ancient Books are not all hands" as a negation of ancient books，All discrimination research pointed out that the content of the book does not match the era of its book，All use this general case to justify，It will repeat the strictness、Sun Xingyan's wrong。

　Reasonable use of unearthed documents

Some scholars are overwhelming and unearthed literature，Anyone related to ancient bet365 Play online games books，It is often considered that unearthed literature can correct the "error" in the discrimination of ancient books in the past。But actually，Sometimes it is not that。For example，Southern Song Ye Shi suspected that Sun Wu was not one，"Sun Tzu's Art of War" is a pseudo -trusted work in the Warring States Period。Japanese scholar Saito Human Church "Sun Wu Different" further believes: "Sun Tzu today"，It is Sun Yan。"" Sun Wu and Sun Yan，After all, the same person，Wuqi name，and 膑 is its nickname。"The Gongbao Mountain Han Tomb was unearthed at the same time" Sun Tzu's Art of War "and" Sun Ying Military "，Many scholars believe that this can be ended in the doubt of "Sun Tzu's Art of War"。But from the perspective of literature，The unearthed literature can prove，First, "Sun Tzu's Art of War" is an ancient book before the Western Han Dynasty，Second, the Western Han Dynasty existed in two different books: "Sun Tzu's Art of War" and "Sun Ying Military"。But scholars suspect that "Sun Tzu's Art of War"，Most of them are just suspecting that they are in the Warring States Period rather than spring and autumn，Generally, it will not be considered after the Western Han Dynasty。As for the Western Han Dynasty existence of "Sun Tzu's Art of War" and "Sun Ying Military Law"，This has already been clearly recorded in "Hanshu · Yi Wen Zhi"，Scholars have never doubted negative。"Sun Tzu's Art of Art · Use" cloud: "The Xing Zhi of the past，Yi Zhi in Xia; Zhou Zhixing also，Lu Ya is in Yin。"The Simplified Book of Yinbi Mountain is written:" ... in summer; Zhou Zhixing also，Lu Ya is in ...Shi Bi Bi is 陉; Yan Zhixing also，Su Qin is Qi。"If Yinque Mountain Han Jianben is closer to the original appearance of" Sun Tzu's Military Law "，Among them, it refers to Su Qin at the end of the Warring States Period，Obviously not to do it with Sun Wu in the Spring and Autumn Period。Although this can also be understood as the increase in the transmission process of the Han Jian, not the original appearance of the book，But after all, there is no real basis，Generally speaking, it is still slightly conducive to the evidence of "pseudo -trust theory"。The authenticity of "Sun Tzu's Art of War" is quite complicated with the issue of the age of books，Naturally, you can't conclude in the phrase，and the in -depth discussion of the scholars。But claiming that Yinque Mountain Han Jian could end the authentic controversy of "Sun Tzu's Art of War"，Obviously it does not meet the facts。

I will give this example，It is not to deny the bet365 live casino games value of the unearthed literature on correcting the misjudgment of ancient books，Instead, it is reminded that scholars should more objectively and fairly look at the relationship between unearthed documents and ancient books。The unearthed literature is important，But may not be able to solve the problem of authenticity of ancient books。It should be admitted，Some unearthed documents can indeed correct the misjudgment of the authenticity of ancient books，Such as the Song Dynasty "Chongwen General" suspecting that "Yan Zichun Qiu" is not the basis of "Hanshu · Yi Wenzhi"，but the book of pseudo -trustees after the death of the ancient book，The Qing Dynasty Guan Tong further believed that it was a pseudo -trunk of the Six Dynasties。After the "Yan Zichun Autumn" unearthed in the Han Tomb of Yinquan Mountain，Of course, these doubts completely overturned。But there are also some unearthed documents confirmed the predecessor's discrimination，Three articles of Tsinghua Jane's "Fu's Life"，"Speaking of Fate" with the ancient Chinese "Shang Shu" is almost all very different，It is strongly confirmed by Yan Ruoxuan and other discrimination of the ancient text "Shang Shu"。Of course，More situations are unearthed literatures that cannot be confirmed，It is impossible to deny the falsification of the predecessors。

Perhaps some scholars think，Ancient books discriminating is negative、Destroyer Study，Even therefore some kind of dislikes for discrimination with ancient books。In fact, this attitude is not desirable，The essence of ancient books is the essence of ancient books and literature research on the authors of ancient books and the age of the book，is to identify the true authors of ancient books with whether the authors they advertise are consistent，Is the real book generation and the same as the advertised age of the book。The purpose of discrimination of ancient books is not to destroy、Negative ancient book，Instead, put the ancient books in the appropriate historical coordinates。For example，Differential research on "Liezi"，Differential "Liezi" is not an ancient book of the pre -Qin Qin，but the false work of the Wei and Jin dynasties。This is the ancient book of the pre -Qin Dynasty，Does it seem fixed、Destroyer，To reduce a pre -Qin Dynasty an ancient book。But look at it from another angle，Since "Liezi" is a pseudo -work in Wei and Jin，Naturally, it can be regarded as Wei Jin's work，It can be used to study the ideological and culture of the Wei and Jin Dynasties，This bet365 best casino games is constructive for ancient books in the Wei and Jin dynasties。Therefore，Only misjudge the true book as a pseudo -book，is destructive; distinguish the pseudo -book test，Remove the truth，It is undoubtedly constructive。Ancient Books Differential False and Certificate，This is two sides of a thing。Any rigorous ancient book discern，During the research process, you need to consider the two possibilities of true and false，Make a final judgment after weighing the evidence of true and false。Therefore，Differential and syndromes are part of literature research，Should not be strongly divided，Differential treatment。

Zhang Zhidong's "Xuan Xuan Yu" said: "One point is true and false，Ancient books go half。"Although the words are exaggerated，But there are a large number of pseudo books in ancient books。Some of these pseudo books have been discovered，Some have not been discovered; some have been determined，Some are still controversial。Therefore，In literature research，Research on ancient books is still far away，Need to work together for a long time for literature scholars。

(Author Unit: National College of Renmin University of China)