The bet365 premier league odds refers to the gap between those who own modern information tools and those who do not，There is a huge difference in information accessibility，The specific manifestation is the uneven distribution of the benefits brought by information technology in society。This concept first appeared in the United States in 1995，Spread to Europe and other parts of the world shortly thereafter。By 2000，The academic community has basically reached a consensus on the specific concept of the bet365 premier league odds and the related issues covered。In recent years，The development of digital technology itself and its value and impact on society have become major issues of common concern to all walks of life，Relevant discussions continue to deepen，The perspectives and methods of relevant academic research are becoming increasingly diverse。The bet365 premier league odds has always been an issue of great concern to the academic community，Especially on how disadvantaged groups can bridge the bet365 premier league odds，Governments of various countries have made policy attempts。

　　In-depth research on bet365 premier league odds step by step

According to Jan van Dijk (Jan A, professor emeritus of the Department of Communication at the University of Twente in the Netherlands. G. M. Van Dijk）Introduction，bet365 premier league odds and related research can be divided into three levels，corresponds to three periods。

The first is the physical access level，From 1995 to 2003。1995，The Los Angeles Times used the term "bet365 premier league odds" for the first time。Afterwards，The U.S. National Telecommunications and Information Administration releases the report "Fish that Missed the Net: A Survey of the Information Poor in Rural and Urban America"，Describes the characteristics of people in rural and major cities in the United States who do not have access to the national information infrastructure，Includes low-income families、Indigenous people and ethnic minorities、Those with lower education level。The “bet365 premier league odds” is mentioned several times in the report，Make this concept popular in the media and American politics。2001，The bet365 premier league odds: Civic Participation Around the World, published by British political scientist Pippa Norris.、Information Poverty and the Internet" book，Became the first frequently cited academic work on the bet365 premier league odds。Norris primarily discussed the physical access dimension of the bet365 premier league odds，Whether you have a computer、Can you access the Internet，And distinguish the global divide between developed and developing countries、The social gap between the rich and the poor within a country、The democratic divide of whether to use Internet resources for community participation。

1995-2001，Computer ownership and Internet access rates have increased significantly in the United States and some European countries，People are generally positive and optimistic about new information and communication technologies。But around 2001 another voice began to appear。Some scholars proposed，The bet365 premier league odds does not exist，This concept itself is a false proposition。Many people also think that，Digital Equipment and Services and Broadcasting、TV、Telephone number, etc.，There will also be a “trickle-down effect”，Eventually it will become available to everyone。2000-2005，The number of published research results on the bet365 premier league odds has reached a peak。These studies and discussions are by economists、Telecommunications researcher、Led by policymakers or business leaders，And these leaders are almost all Americans。They hold the view of technological determinism，Believe that the spread of new technologies is full of opportunities and inevitable，After market power is activated，Digital devices and services will be universally available。

The second is the level of skills and usage，Continuing since 2004。This period，Academics and policymakers are beginning to move beyond the discussion of physical access，Social scientists first proposed that "the bet365 premier league odds is a complex and dynamic phenomenon"。Paul Attewell, Professor of Sociology, City University of New York, USA、Eszter Hargittai, Professor of Internet Use and Society Research at the University of Zurich, Switzerland, and others highlight inequalities in information technology use and digital literacy。Their core point is: if you don’t have the necessary skills、Knowledge、Support for valid usage，Having physical access is useless。The problem of bet365 premier league odds is society first、Economy、Cultural and political issues，Not a technical issue。

This period，Computers are getting smaller and smaller、Operation speed is getting faster、The price is getting lower and lower，bet365 premier league odds access rates and computer purchases are rising rapidly。2004-2014，The proportion of bet365 premier league odds users in the world’s total population has increased from less than 15% to nearly 45%。Since 2004，Social media and smartphone industries are booming，Greatly improved user experience。The first decade of the 21st century，The bet365 premier league odds has become a part of daily life for more than 70% of the population in developed countries。However，In developing countries，The proportion of the population that accesses and uses the bet365 premier league odds is much lower than that in developed countries。Government agencies and educational institutions in various countries are gradually realizing that，Only allows new bet365 premier league odds users to obtain skills and related applications，In order to support the economy、Social and cultural development。

Therefore，With the rapid popularity of the Internet，The focus of bet365 premier league odds research turns to new user skills，Research scope greatly expanded，And include topics of opportunity and inequality。Since 2004，The term “bet365 premier league odds” is becoming increasingly rare in academic publications，Keywords changed to “Internet/Social Media Use”, “Digital/Information Literacy”, “Digital Skills” and other related opportunities、Concepts of inequality and application。2004-2012，New conceptual frameworks and operational definitions of digital literacy and Internet use typologies are emerging，Some researchers started working in the lab、Testing digital skills in field experiments and surveys。Another focus of bet365 premier league odds research at this stage is user groups，Many scholars have noticed that a "usage gap" similar to the knowledge gap is beginning to emerge - some people mainly use information that helps them obtain information、Internet products for education or enhancing professional competitiveness，Others mainly use Internet products for entertainment and simple business and social purposes。Since 2004，Most bet365 premier league odds research focuses on differences and inequalities in computer and Internet use。Although these studies are still mainly based on the United States，But Britain、Netherlands、Spain、Brazil、Chile、Mexico、South Korea、Singapore、China research is richer and attracts more attention，Indicates that this field is becoming increasingly international。

The third is the result level，Continuing from 2012 to present。With the popularity of computers and the Internet，Some scholars and policymakers are beginning to think about the impact of the bet365 premier league odds on citizens、Institutional and social impact。2012，Cristóbal Torres Albero, Professor at the Department of Sociology at the Universidad Autònoma of Madrid, Spain, and José Manuel Robres, Lecturer at the Department of Applied Sociology at the Complutense University of Madrid José Manuel Robles Morales conducted a survey on Internet access and usage and proposed，People who are not connected to the Internet and do not have the necessary skills will not be able to benefit from the growing number of wireless alternatives。Same year，Jan van Dijk and Alexander J., professor of communication at the University of Twente in the Netherlands (Alexander J. A. M. Van Deursen) investigated and discovered，Lack of digital skills and glitches in digital technology reduce productivity of Dutch workers。At the same time，People with higher education level、Young people benefit from the Internet to a much greater extent than those with less education、Elderly。

Over the past 5 years，The Internet and terminal equipment are further popularized。“Digital laggards” account for 10%-33% of the population in developed countries，But it is still as high as 50%-90% in developing countries。Researchers and policymakers are beginning to pay attention to the consequences of Internet and digital media use。Some people have questioned the specificity of the bet365 premier league odds - after all, new technologies are introduced in every era。In the opinion of Jan van Dijk，Access to and use of emerging ICTs than print media、Broadcast、TV、The phone is more important，Because the former is a general-purpose technology。Although traditional technology is beneficial to knowledge acquisition、Entertainment、Communication plays an important role，But the Internet and digital media are what everyone needs in contemporary society to play any role。The bet365 premier league odds affects individuals in education、Work、Market、Community、Participation in political and cultural fields，Determines whether an individual is integrated into society or excluded。

　　The rise of critical bet365 premier league odds research

Entering the second decade of the 21st century，Digital infrastructure construction and application acceleration，Big bet365 premier league odds、Rapid development of artificial intelligence technology，The rapid rise of the Internet of Things。The role and impact of the Internet and bet365 premier league odds on society are increasing day by day，Many major problems arise。For example，Studying bet365 premier league odds at scale will help us create better tools、Services and Public Goods，A new wave of privacy violations and intrusive marketing？Can bet365 premier league odds analytics help understand online communities and political movements，Will it change the way we study human communication and culture？So，The field of critical bet365 premier league odds studies emerged。

　2012，American Microsoft Research researcher Danah Boyd and senior principal researcher Kate Crawford published an article "Critical Issues in Big bet365 premier league odds" stating，The rise of big bet365 premier league odds is both a technical phenomenon，It is also a social phenomenon，It is therefore necessary to critically question relevant assumptions and biases。They regard big bet365 premier league odds as a technology、Analysis、Mythological interaction-based culture、Technical and academic phenomena。Technology refers to maximizing computing power and algorithm accuracy，To collect、Analysis、Contact and compare large bet365 premier league odds sets；Analysis refers to identifying patterns based on large bet365 premier league odds sets，To propose an economy、Society、Technical and Legal Specifications；Myth refers to the idea that large bet365 premier league odds sets provide higher forms of wisdom and knowledge，The result is insights that were previously impossible，With truth、Objectivity、Aura of Accuracy。Boyd and Crawford present six arguments，In order to stimulate discussions on big bet365 premier league odds in various fields: big bet365 premier league odds changes the definition of knowledge；Claims that big bet365 premier league odds is absolutely objective、Accurate and misleading；Big bet365 premier league odds is not always better bet365 premier league odds；If out of context，Big bet365 premier league odds will lose its meaning；Access does not mean ethical；Limited access to big bet365 premier league odds creates new digital divide。

"Critical Questions of Big bet365 premier league odds" aroused academic interest in critical bet365 premier league odds research，The first person to use the term "critical bet365 premier league odds research" was Craig M, assistant professor of global studies and geography at Hofstra University in the United States.Dalton (Craig M. Dalton) and Jim Thatcher, assistant professor of urban studies at the University of Washington, Tacoma, USA。Their 2014 article “What is critical bet365 premier league odds research and why we care about it？》Several key arguments are put forward，To promote a comprehensive critique of the new bet365 premier league odds regime。

First，Big bet365 premier league odds must be placed in time and space。Statistical cartography in the 19th century、Social Physics，The metrological revolution in geography in the 1950s and 1960s、Marketing based on geographic demographic segmentation and the boom-and-bust cycle of the information technology industry，All created conditions for the arrival of the big bet365 premier league odds era。Today，Big bet365 premier league odds is embedded in social processes，Give birth to the enterprise、Government、Between citizens、The new geometry of power。We must ask: whose bet365 premier league odds is it？What standards are used to collect bet365 premier league odds？What is the purpose？

Second，Technology is never as neutral as it seems。In the process of creating and interpreting big bet365 premier league odds，Big bet365 premier league odds technology is always mutually determined by the cultural environment。An instrumental review of big bet365 premier league odds，It will lead people to ignore the fundamental epistemological impact of big bet365 premier league odds technology。We must ask: what does it mean to be quantified？Big bet365 premier league odds as a form of technology，What possibilities and constraints does it bring to our culture and life？

　Third，Big bet365 premier league odds cannot determine the shape of society。The relationship between technological change and society is complex，The role of big bet365 premier league odds in social change is far from being as simple as bet365 premier league odds analysis or social modeling。Technological innovation、Production、Application popularity occurs when power abounds、Economy、Identity、In the social context of prejudice and other elements，And reflect social background。A technology cannot function independently of its context，It cannot determine the form of society。

　Fourth，bet365 premier league odds is never raw。Production and interpretation of all bet365 premier league odds，All are the results of social practice。The way each bet365 premier league odds model encodes and structures information，All followed the ideas of the R&D staff。What information is quantified、Storage、Classification？Which ones were discarded？Any bet365 premier league odds set is a limited representation of the world，Understanding the bet365 premier league odds in this way can reveal some meaningful patterns。

　Fifth，“Big” doesn’t mean everything。Big bet365 premier league odds analysis cannot answer all questions，Therefore it cannot replace more mature qualitative and quantitative research methods。In qualitative research，Researchers directly ask participants about their personal feelings and motivations，Get depth about participants’ positions、Detailed information。In field research，Researchers experience a place firsthand、A background，These are things that big bet365 premier league odds cannot provide。In addition，The difference between correlation and causation、Issues such as the value of bet365 premier league odds sets still exist in the era of big bet365 premier league odds。Coordinate the use of big bet365 premier league odds in conjunction with “small bet365 premier league odds” and other existing research approaches，Able to research topics、Method、Concept、Open up new possibilities in terms of meaning。

2016，The journal "Big bet365 premier league odds and Society" owned by Sage Publishing Company of the United States publishes a special issue of "Critical bet365 premier league odds Research"，Scholars from many countries learn from philosophy、Governance、Research Ethics、Financial Market、Agriculture、Development and aid perspectives explore the interaction between bet365 premier league odds and society as a whole, as well as the daily lives of individuals。They said，Critical bet365 premier league odds research provides people with the necessary tools，People can use these tools to improve their digital literacy，And work towards bet365 premier league odds justice。Critical bet365 premier league odds research should also encourage people to think about bet365 premier league odds science within a common interest framework and social context。