Since the 21st century，Whether in the online world or the real world，"Philosophy" gradually increased in the public's vision。Except for philosophical works，The form of philosophy also follows the development of the times，Such as an online course、Radio and TV show、Newspaper columns、Podcast、On -site activities, etc.。Now，The probability of encountering topics related to philosophy on popular video websites is even close to seeing philosophy books in bookstores or libraries。Many public philosophy "products" are very popular，For example，Harvard's online open class series "Justice", a Harvard online public course series lectured in Michael J. Sandel, a professor of political philosophy at Harvard University in the United States,、The fourth cultural program "A History of Ideas" and "IN OUR TIME"、Pods of Peter Adamson, a professor of ancient philosophy at the University of Munich, Germany, "History of Philosophy with ANY Gaps"、The philosopher of the British Broadcasting Corporation interviewed the Podcast "Philosophy Bites"。These works are generally regarded as the category of public philosophy。Reporters on the definition and value of public philosophy，Interview with foreign scholars。

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Associate Professor of Philosophy at the University of South Carolina、Academic Philosophy Website "Daily Nous", the person in charge of Daily Nous, Justin Weinberg, told this reporter，Public philosophy is an intention to bring philosophy to the general public outside the academic circle，Various forms and goals，Common forms include philosophical reviews published on popular media for current hot topics，Explore online radio programs of various issues under the degree of philosophy，Online or offline Philosophy Club and Humanities Science Festival、The link involved in philosophy in the cultural festival。In short，Public philosophy is an activity that explores and reflects Bet365 app download the value of philosophy to the public。

Greg Littmann, an associate professor of the University of South Elinois University of South Elinois, Introduction，Public philosophy uses ordinary public rather than academic personnel as the audience，Any works that reflect philosophy in a popular form can be counted as public philosophy。Public philosophy has a long historical tradition，philosophers from ancient times to the present are involved in public philosophy，Even if they may not call them "public philosophy"。For the past 20 years，The importance of public philosophy is increasingly recognized，and encourage professional philosophers to carry out more work in this area。Public philosophy has not yet established a clear paradigm，There are many ways to participate in philosophers，If a comment article is published in newspapers、Appreciate popular culture from the perspective of philosophy、Discuss philosophical problems with non -professional philosophy lovers。

Massimo Pigliucci, a professor of philosophy at the city of New York, said，Public philosophy is an old and fresh concept。We can say，Philosophy has always been "public"，This is the case before the 20th century philosophy became a professional discipline。Socrates、Hume、Nietzsche、Russell ... Many philosophers from ancient Greece to the early modern philosophers are public philosophers。but but，In the current context，Public philosophy refers to a highly diverse philosophical activity in recent years，It is an attempt for professional philosophers to move towards the general public consciously。Public philosophy often introduces philosophical ideas to the public with popular culture as a carrier，Use social media to enhance the public's philosophical consciousness，Online and offline public space organizations discuss the new progress of eternal philosophical problems or a certain branch of philosophy。

　　Public philosophy does not "leave the problem"

Picoric Talking，Most philosophical issues have no theory，Public philosophy as a philosophical practice is also controversial。From the outside,，The entire philosophical discipline has encountered many "public relations" problems，bet365 live casino games Many politicians、University administrators believe that philosophy is useless，Even some well -known natural scientists have a critical attitude towards philosophy。American physicist Stephen Hawking claims that "philosophy is dead" in the book "Big Design";、American physicist Steven Weinberg uses a chapter in the book "The Dream of Ultimate Theory" to demonstrate why philosophical damage to physics is more helpful than help，And this chapter is directly titled "Oppose Philosophy"。

Inside the philosophy，Some academic scholars think，Public philosophy deviates from work that is more useful for philosophy，Dating with the public is a waste of time or lower "smart value" activity。In other words，They think，Philosophy work only needs to be useful for philosophy and philosophers itself，Public Philosophy "Exit"。If philosophy is "useful" in a sense, it is an empirical question，So who is "useful" in philosophy is an evaluation question，The latter is more difficult to answer than the former。

Director of the Institute of Philosophy in Public Life in North Dakota, the University of North Dakota、Professor Jack Russell Weinstein at Professor Jack Russell Weinstein，philosophers do not like ordinary public，Even tend to treat the public as an enemy。From ancient times to the present，Philosophers always show the superiority of intelligence，This is particularly obvious in the field of political theory，It can also be seen everywhere in contemporary professional life。Law of the University of Chicago, USA、Director of the Center of Philosophy and Human Value、Professor Brian Leiter, a professor of jurisprudence, talked about，Ordinary people who have not received professional higher education to put forward interesting philosophical opinions are very limited。but but，The idea of ​​ordinary people is often "data point" that philosophers are interested in。Although this remark may offend some people，Dan Late thinks，What he defended is the concept of "professionalism" -the philosopher research philosophy like construction engineers build a bridge，Since people do not allow non -engineers to build a bridge，So you should bet365 live casino games not expect non -philosophers to talk about philosophy。

From the surgery industry, there is a special attack in the surgery industry，Lott's point of view is not unreasonable。But the very clear task of building a bridge is，Philosophy thinking and decision -making is actually everywhere、Nothing time，and may cause major consequences。For example，People need to use logic to analyze the best way to achieve goals、The possible results of the evaluation action，Need to add ethical considerations when choosing a choice，Use aesthetic knowledge to judge the quality of cultural and artistic products。No doubt，It is difficult for those who have not been trained in philosophy professional training to be recognized by the philosophy industry because of promoting the progress of disciplines，But this does not mean that they cannot produce meaningful、Exquisite and even novel philosophical ideas。

Weinstan said，The premise of democratic theory is that the public has philosophical and rational abilities，Including the ability to make complex morality and political judgment，"Yuan Skills" for thinking and evaluating your rationality。AMartya Sen, a professor at economics and philosophy of Harvard University in the United States and Martha Nussbaum, a professor of law and ethics at the University of Chicago. Smart affirmation，It focuses on the feasible ability of the individual (what can you do)，instead of simply rights or freedom。If we think that non -philosophers do not have philosophy，I am afraid to give up democracy。

　　It is conducive to philosophy and society as a whole

Litman told this reporter，The significance of public philosophy is that philosophers must share their own ideas to truly benefit the public -different philosophy and science，Philosophy cannot be useful to those who do not understand philosophy。and，The question that philosophers try to answer are usually everyone wants to know，For example, "What is my moral responsibility", "Whether God exists", "What kind of political system is the best"。In the post -epidemic era，The importance of public philosophy has significantly improved，Because the public shows great interest in philosophy，and academic bet365 live casino games personnel are "producing" more public philosophy "products" to respond to the needs of the public。

From Winberg's view，Public Philosophy's Discipline of Philosophy、Philosophers and the public are both beneficial to the public。For the discipline of philosophy，Public philosophy can find new problems and concepts worthy of philosophical research in the process of contacting the public，Then promote the development of disciplines。At the same time，Public understanding through public philosophy、Familiar with philosophy，Or will recognize Bet365 app download the value of philosophy more clearly，And this cognition in turn can better maintain the discipline of philosophy。For philosophers，To do a good job of public philosophy, you need to understand the public's concern，Cultivate effective communication skills，This helps philosophers get inspiration from ordinary people，Then realize its own social value。

For the public，Public philosophy created "convenient conditions" for ordinary people to benefit from philosophy。Philosophy often discovers and raises problems -these problems are often unexpected，In quantity、Type、Constantly increasing in -depth problems，to produce about people who do not know、Knowledge of uncertain things。This kind of related "We don’t know what、Why don't you know "knowledge has great value。Many universal views and conventional practices in people's daily life，Actually, the premise in the philosophical sense is actually used as the premise。Personally for personal，Learn these assumptions，and try to ask these assumptions through reasoning，It is fun and practical。Good questions may bring contradictory answers，Let people realize the concept that they originally ca n’t realize，The border of the possibility of wisdom，constantly emancipating the mind。Good public philosophy can also be used as deep、Template of meticulous thinking，enable ordinary people to enjoy ideological communication、debate、Putting the fun of new problems。

Weberg said，Today，Public Philosophy is output、Rich topics、Diverse forms、The scope and diversity of the audience exceeded bet365 best casino games any time in the past。This part is due to the growth of population and more advanced information and communication technology、can be，At the same time, it also originated from snowball effect: Public philosophy introduces more ordinary people to philosophy，Enhanced the public's interest and needs for public philosophy，Demonstration of other potential public philosophy "producers"; for different topics、Try to increase public philosophy facing different audiences，further increased the contact between ordinary people and philosophy。

In this process，Other cultural elements will also be added。In the United States，TV series involved in philosophy in the past 10 years have been launched and popular，The American drama "The Good Place" launched in 2016。This fantasy scenic comedy uses many philosophical theories，One of the main characters in the play is a professor of ethics of colleges and universities。The British "Guardian" praised the play "Make philosophy looks cool"，The American "Atlantic Monthly" calls the show "dramatically showing the real ethical classroom on the screen，No professional concept of dilution，but still entertaining "。This more extensive cultural absorption is also an encouragement to public philosophy。

Weberg also thinks，In the post -epidemic era，Public philosophy will be more important。Epidemium has now become a focus topic of public philosophy，When the sickness and death are around，People naturally think of the meaning and value of life and other philosophical problems。Therefore，Philosophers should also participate in the formulation of epidemic prevention policies，For example，How to appropriately allocate medical resources，How to weigh different policies and measures under the premise of ethics。

So，Where will public philosophy focus in the future? Winberg said，Philosophy and thought are formed in a specific space -time，and depend on what people think about the question of "what possible" at that time。Technical change and social change not only changed the objective world，It also changed people's views on "what possible"。Will these changes challenge the existing philosophical ideas，may bet365 Play online games be a focus of future philosophical research。In terms of technology，Synthetic biology and artificial intelligence may subvert the definition and understanding of people in the past。As far as society is concerned，Philosophy itself is experiencing changes。With the diversity of western philosophy, the diversity increases，and pay more attention to rich and diverse human experience，The reality faced by philosophy will be expanded to a certain extent，This will cause a series of problems，If the relationship between power、Social identity and political philosophy、What is the cross between moral philosophy? Power relationship、Social identity and metaphysics、Identification Theory、What are the intercourse between the philosophy of mind? These are issues that philosophers need to focus on research。