"Blinds are also called words，International -general -purpose points are based on 6 raised dots as the basic structure，It is a dedicated to blind people to read、Writing text symbols。"Chinese characters as a special text form of Chinese characters，The source flow can be traced back to the "Kangxi Blind word" created by William Muri, a missionary in China in the late Qing Dynasty,。Late Qing Dynasty，Western missionaries who come to China are concerned about the current status of the blind people，Create a blind text for them。But the process of Mu Rui created Chinese characters in Chinese characters is not happening overnight，Instead, it was created on the basis of drawing on the western epidemic system at that time。

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Western blind text develops earlier。early 16th century，The Spanish Sisco Lucas invented the device that carved the letter on the wooden board，For blind people to read，But this method is not suitable for writing。After that，German Hedeer、Swiss mathematician Jacobo Bo worked hard、French Huo Wei and British William Murry have made different degrees of attempts on the creation of lands。but，What really created the modern popular blind word is the French blind educator Louis Blair。1829，Louis Blair invented the modern point method with 6 convex points as the basic structure。This kind of words of words were Bet365 lotto review recognized by French official in 1854，Then spread it around the world，and was identified as a formal text used internationally in the world in 1887。But，These western branches are based on letters，Not applicable to Chinese blind people。So，Late Qing Dynasty missionaries to learn from the western epidemic system，Combined with Chinese character characteristics，Create a Chinese character blind text suitable for Chinese blind people。

"The Murray Numeral System" is the earliest blind text in China，It is a missionary of the Scottish Bible Association William Murry.，It has an important inspirational effect on the creation of other lands in the future。

William Murry Born in the UK on June 3, 1843，Come to China in 1871，Responsible for the work of the Scottish Bible Association in North China。Autumn of 1873，He arrived in Beijing。When selling the Bible on the streets of Beijing，After contacting the blind people，The idea of ​​helping the blind people。1874，He founded a blind school in Beijing — 瞽。Subsequent，Created the earliest flames in China- "Kangxi Blind"，Teach blind people to read literacy，It had a huge impact at that time。

Creating Chinese characters is not a simple job。May 1889，"Education Magazine" mentioned in an article entitled "China Blind" mentioned in an article，When Murry left Scotland, he had already mastered the "Deaf Visual Language System" by Professor Melville Bell。other，Murry also has "General Alphabet of Professor Melville Bell，This alphabet can be used to express the features of dialects widely bet365 Play online games " 。This system has great inspiration to Murui，He believes that this system can be transformed，Make it the eyes of the blind。But there are some problems in this system，Unsuccessful。After that，Mu Rui also studied Murne's "Better Link Symbol System" and Blair's "Pointing method"。Practice，Murry found that Blair's system is more useful than Murne's system，Because Blair’s system is suitable for writing，It is also applicable to recording music scores。then，He started a new exploration based on this revelation。

　Basic features of "Kangxi Blind"

Mu Rui created a letter system when it was created in Chinese characters，Instead of using numbers。He found "Compared to 4000 words，408 numbers of different syllables are enough to represent the voice of Chinese "。

April 1897，Mu Rui said in the article "Beijing Blind School". When he introduced his own latter system created by his own creation: "Wichma's" Beijing Dialect Express "was originally 420 sound，now decreased to 408。These 408 sounds are arranged according to row，Every 10 characters are one line。Write its number on each word，From the first 'Ah' to the 408 ‘throw’，Write its pronunciation under each word。""，The Chinese characters created by Mu Rui are based on Beijing dialect，and borrowed Blair’s Braille Symbol System。

June 1891，"Education Magazine" Previous article entitled "Murry Education Black Education Blind" clearly expressed，Mu Rui used the Blair's blind text system to create Chinese characters with Braille，This kind of Chinese characters have the following features。

bet365 live casino games First，Mandarin (here refers to the Beijing dialect) syllable combined with 1 to 408 numbers。So，Students will automatically reflect the number corresponding to each sound and each number corresponding to each number。This association is composed of a very clever and simple 408 sentence，They are arranged in order，and number from 1 to 408，Each sentence starts with the corresponding number，and end with the corresponding node。So，By remembering these sentence tables，Each number will be closely linked to its corresponding sound，Vice vice versa。

​​Second，This system has simplicity。You only need to use 15 blind symbols to read and write without tone，If you want to express the sound and sound at the same time，requires 30 symbols。This simple performance is as follows: 1、2、3、4、5、6、7、8、9 and 0 are represented by a Blair Braille Symbol。To represent "56"，Just prefix "5" before "6"。To represent "387"，Symbol 3、8 and 7 Place one by one。When the finger touches the symbol 3、8 and 7，The brain will immediately reflect "387"，Student Union will involuntarily emit the sound represented by "387"。Similar，The entire 408 number can be represented by these 10 symbols。But in order to distinguish each word from the previous word，Add 5 first symbols (initial symbol)，These 5 first -character symbols are only used to represent 100 and 199，300 and 399，300 and 399，400 and 408 The first number of the four groups。There are additional first symbols between 1 and 99。So，When the fingertips stay in Bet365 app download any time in these 5 first symbols，Students can identify the beginning of the new word。

Due to the long time of the age and the limited data，We can't know the specific symbol system of "Kangxi Blind"。but but，February 1907，"Education Magazine" Previous article entitled "Teaching Chinese Blinds" gave a blind text symbol system for Beijing dialect at that time，And explained, "The 408 kinds of sounds used in this dialect are numbered，Numbers are only used for writing，Students must remember the sound corresponding to each number "，This should be the digital blind symbol of "Kangxi Blind"。

　The advantages and deficiencies of "Kangxi Blind"

With the development of Chinese blind education，Mu Rui and its "Kangxi Blind" have received more and more attention，Among them, there are not one mowing。Mu Rui created the advantages of "Kangxi Blind" mainly includes the following three aspects。

First，"Kangxi Blind" is suitable for blind teaching。May 1889，The previous article entitled "Chinese Blind" in "The Magazine of Education" is pointed out，The method created by Mu Rui is very practical and feasible，An ordinary blind child is in the six weeks to two months，You can fully master reading and writing，For normal people want to recognize 4,000 Chinese characters commonly used in written language，It also takes six years。other，This blind text is widely used in blind schools to teach blind people。

Next，"Kangxi Blind" is specifically created for the blind people，But it is also applicable to ordinary people。September 1894，"Education Magazine" Previous article "Blind bet365 best casino games Eye Eyes" mentioned in an article mentioned，A blind man at Muuri School to train rural women in the suburbs of Beijing，less than a week，Some of them can read fluently。A month later，Everyone can read，Several people can still write well。This can be seen，"Kangxi Blind" created by Mu Rui is also applicable to ordinary people teaching。

Last，"Kangxi Blind" is not only suitable for recording Chinese voice，It is also suitable for recording music。May 1889，"Chinese Blind" in "Chinese Blind" mentioned，​​Blind children in the Blind School in Beijing are very fast，You can write an ordinary "Gospel Song"。Method of the convex point symbol on the piano keys，Blind people also learned to play piano and organ。

But，"Kangxi Blind" although there are many advantages，But there are also imperfect places。First，"Kangxi Blind" is based on Beijing sound，Therefore, it is mainly applicable to the majority of northern dialect areas，Not applicable to the dialect areas in the south。Next，"Kangxi Blind" symbols are too much，Is not good for memory。

To sum up，William Murry feels the situation of blind people，The first pioneering Chinese characters suitable for Chinese blind people- "Kangxi Blind"。Kangxi Blind Character is the earliest Chinese character in my country，A superior side，There are also imperfect places，The foundation laid the foundation for the creation of other Chinese characters in the future。

(Author Unit: School of Literature, Shandong Normal University)