"The wind from the west，Acting on the purpose of Nanhua"，Zhang Taiyan (1869-1936) and close friend Shi Zongyang (1865-1921，Also known as Wumushan Monk) once commented on his famous work "Equality of Things"。"Qiwu Lun Jie" is a model of using Buddha to interpret Zhuangzhuang，Taiyan uses a philosophical perspective in this book、An in-depth interpretation of relevant names and ideas in "The Theory of Equality of Things" with a focus on epistemology and physiognomy、Detailed interpretation。Taiyan’s academic ambition in writing this book is to “make Zhuangzi write five thousand words，Every word can be deciphered” ("Self-Reported Academic Order")，And boasts that this book is "a word of gold" (same as above)。However，This book is like the rest of his works，bet365 coupon code by no means the traditional study study based on Buddhism。Taiyan is well-read in ancient and modern times but is by no means “poor in research and exegesis”，The Confucian Master who rebelled against Lu Chen，Opposite，The so-called "decline in the world，Never forget the classics of the country" ("Miscellaneous Words of the Han Dynasty")，Taiyan has always regarded "helping the world and saving people" as a profound practical concern, which is integrated into his lifelong ambition of studying and studying，I miss you so much，Never or forget。Because of my job，The book "Qi Wu Lun Shi" is not a traditional Zhuang Shi Hui Tong、It’s so simple to name each other，But always use the "worldly law" of Zhuangxue to propose and remedy the "supermundane law" of Buddhism，Thus, the method of "Inner Saint and External King" of Huangzhuang School was developed。

Taiyan thinks，“The husband can realize consciousness only，Guangli Youqing，Old place in the domain，Mo Shuan's "Equality of Things"。"("Equality of Things") here，"Enlightenment is consciousness only，Guangli Youqing” is actually another expression of “Inner Saint and External King”。Then，How does the 3,000-word article "Equality of Things" "extend benefit to all sentient beings"？In Taiyan’s writing，"News on ancient and modern politics and customs，The state of society，The meaning and truth of Huafan sages，What the East and West learn from people” ("Wei Yan of the Han Dynasty") can all be well reflected and combined in Zhuangzi's philosophy。When interpreting "Zhuang Zhou's Dream of Butterflies" in "Equality of Things", he especially emphasized that Zhuangzi "especially aspires to be a saint within and a king outside" ("Equality of Things")。bet365 coupon code article captures Taiyan’s interpretation of “Zhuang Zhou’s Dream of Butterflies”，To reveal how he carried out rational dialectics between Zhuangxue and Buddhism to develop the "inner sage and outer king" of Huangzhuangxue。

　　Taking the hearts of bet365 coupon code

Buddhism takes transcending the world as the pursuit of life，Since immeasurable kalpas，All living beings are infected by all kinds of ignorance，Suffering in endless reincarnations，Therefore，Beyond reincarnation、Enlightenment of Nirvana、The destination of realizing the Dharmakaya in Buddhism。Taiyan uses Buddha to solve the village，Two questions must be answered: first，Whether Zhuangzi has become a Buddha，In other words，Has Zhuang Sheng reached Nirvana；Second，If Zhuangzi had become a Buddha，Then why did he not teach all living beings to become Buddhas together but let all living beings indulge in the dharma of the world and be unable to extricate themselves。About the first question，Taiyan’s answer is yes，Whether it is Zhuangzi’s own cultivation and realization，It is still the profound meaning of the book "Zhuangzi"，All prove that Zhuangzi has become a Buddha，There is no difference in the theories of Buddhist scriptures such as "Zhuangzi" and "Nirvana Sutra" and "Surangama Sutra"。Taiyan thinks，Nan Guo Ziqi, who writes "I lose myself" in the "Equality of Things" chapter, and Bu Liangyi, who "enters into neither life nor death" in the "Great Master" chapter, are all metaphors for Zhuangzi's attainment of Buddhahood。For example，He pointed out: "Only the chapter "The Great Master" said that Liang Yi was outside the world in three days，Seven-day foreign objects，九日外生，Tsunano Toru，Secono Jiandu，bet365 coupon code time is unprecedented，The next step is to enter immortality。The so-called great master in Buddhism who travels far away to the rear，Immortal and immortal，There is no difference between righteousness and nirvana。Can’t see the living and the dead，Although he has returned to life and death，And prove with your own eyes that it is not born。" ("Equality of Things") bet365 coupon code leads to the second question，Since Zhuangzi has become a Buddha，Why not take all sentient beings for refuge together but let them still reincarnate in the sea of ​​life and death？

As quoted above，In Taiyan’s view，Zhuang Xue is "Supreme Enlightenment Only Knowledge，The study of "Guangli and Qing"，A similar expression in "Equality of Things" is "Memory Silence"，External benefits are sentient” and “clothing nourishes all things”，How far away” etc.。Then，How does Zhuangzi’s philosophy “benefit all sentient beings” and “nurture all things”？It is the same as Buddhism that guides all sentient beings、Are you going to be reborn on the other side?？Obviously not。It needs to be pointed out here，Taiyan described his academic journey in "Miscellaneous Words of the Han Dynasty" as "beginning, then turning from secular to real"，In the end, I will return to the true world"，The first "custom" should refer to the ancient classics that he extensively dabbled in before he read Buddhist books in prison (Taiyan was imprisoned for three years in 1903 for the "Su Bao case")、Xunzi、Han Fei and other Chinese traditional academics；"True" should refer to the Ci family he was involved with in prison、The knowledge-only philosophy of the Vasubandhu sect，Taiyan calls bet365 coupon code school’s knowledge “the principles cannot be changed”，He fell in love with the Dharma at first sight，I deeply believe it。However，Taiyan gradually realized，Although Buddhism is profound and profound，But it is a transcendental law after all，After all, bet365 coupon code kind of knowledge has limited insights into all living beings in the world。Therefore，He once again "returned to the truth"，Using the "conventionality" of Chinese scholarship to remedy the "truth" of Indian Buddhism。"Qiwu Lun Jie" is his work during the period of "returning from truth to vulgarity", that is, the second academic transition period。In Taiyan’s view，The reason Zhuangzi is superior to Buddha is that Zhuangzi can have a more realistic view of all living beings、More common、A more plain observation，Because Zhuangzi does not advocate transcendental nirvana，And appeal for freedom in the world。So，Zhuangzi does not take the Nirvana of Buddha and Bodhisattva as his heart，Opposite，“The author of Qiwu Lun takes the hearts of the people as his heart” (The Interpretation of Qiwu Lun)，bet365 coupon code means that Zhuangzi created Taoism from the perspective of ordinary people's hearts。

Therefore，Taiyan believes that Zhuangzi is a compassionate person，Have achieved Buddhahood and will never be born again，He emphasized many times that Zhuangxue "is the ground of ultimate enlightenment，There is no such thing as Nirvana”。bet365 coupon code to say，Zhuangzi himself has achieved Buddhahood，Reach the ultimate enlightenment，But Zhuangxue has never been the study of Nirvana，Zhuangzi also rarely talked about Nirvana。Why is this？It turns out that Zhuangzi did not realize Buddhahood by himself，But the Mahayana Bodhisattva who realizes himself and realizes others，But this Bodhisattva is not the one who is racing towards Nirvana。In the interpretation of the last two fables of "Equality of Things", namely "Zang Liang Asks the Shadow" and "Zhuang Zhou Dreams of a Butterfly"，Taiyan pointed out: "The previous chapter said that there is no need to wait, so the truth is clear，This chapter talks about materialization, so it is popular。” (The Interpretation of Qi Wu Lun) “Wang Liang asks about the shadow” is a metaphor for “having no master”，A different destiny”，bet365 coupon code the "truth" of Buddhism；"Zhuang Zhou dreamed of butterflies" is a metaphor for reincarnation，Buddhism regards reincarnation as suffering，Zhuang Xue takes pleasure in reincarnation ("self-explanation to suit one's aspirations")，bet365 coupon code the "custom" of Zhuang Xue。Views of Ether Flame，"The meaning of reincarnation，Zhuang Sheng、Sakyamuni、Same as Bo Latu”，“Zhuang Sheng talked more about the meaning of reincarnation，This chapter originally uses dreams as a metaphor，Not a true dream" ("The Interpretation of Qiwu Lun")。“Zhuang Zhou dreamed of butterflies” is a metaphor for reincarnation，And it’s a happy reincarnation。

　　Following bet365 coupon code and death is the manifestation of the Dharmakaya

Then，Why does Buddhism believe that reincarnation is suffering while Zhuang Sheng believes that reincarnation is happiness？Taiyan wrote with heavy brush strokes: "(Zhuangzi) has his special wish，bet365 coupon code the inner saint and the outer king，Sad for the people and no salvation，Think about the cruelty of criminal justice，There will be no workers in the world，见无文野，Everyone is king according to his own master，Wise and unhindered, then become a saint，The timing is not favorable，Showing white clothes，How can such a wish be achieved。Gou Zhuan’s intention is to destroy all sentient beings，Forgetting the feelings of resentment，It is difficult to clear the He Chi River，Unpredictable changes in Linggu Valley，Despite great sadness，Not yet suitable for public opinion。The husband of "Qiwu" takes the people's heart as his heart，The ultimate is here，And happiness is there。” (The Interpretation of Qi Wu Lun) In the late Zhou Dynasty, Zhuangzi faced a people without salvation、The world of cruel punishment，How to save this world？As Taiyan said in "Preface to the Commentary on Equality of Things"，When the imperial court becomes a tool to poison the people，When Confucianism and Mohism’s teachings on benevolence and righteousness fade into nothingness，When nothing can be done，The people can only save themselves if they save themselves，In the end, only the self-dialectics and improvement of the soul ("self-definition") remain。As Jie Yu said in the tragic song "Blessings are as light as feathers"，The earth is in great trouble"，The world is tough，The impermanence of life and death，How to save people from the uncertainty of life and death，Buddhism hopes to achieve enlightenment and become a Buddha，Not living in life and death，Escape from reincarnation，And Zhuangzi thinks，Destroying sentient beings and becoming a Buddha is like "it is difficult to clear the river"，The unpredictable changes in Linggu Valley” also make people unable to see any hope，Becoming a Buddha is too difficult after all，Buddhism embraces great compassion，But it does not suit the public opinion。Therefore，Zhuangzi himself used the fable of "Zhuangzhou dreamed of butterflies" to speak from his own experience，Appearance in white。On the one hand，People may turn into butterflies after death，Butterflies may turn into humans after death，Whether it’s a butterfly or a human，Everyone has his own enjoyment，Even in reincarnation，No need to suffer from reincarnation。On the other hand，Reincarnation is materialization，Matification is the flow of life and death，Death and life，I can’t help but thank you，Endless life，Endless reincarnation heralds endless afterlife，So said，Death is not death but life，"The infinite changes，Lots of fun”，The theory of reincarnation brings endless hope to life。In Taiyan’s view，bet365 coupon code Zhuangzi’s “Way of Inner Saint and External King”，And gave his new definition of "inner saint and outer king": "Everyone is called a king by his own master，Wise and unhindered, then become a saint。"Zhuangzi uses his "inner sage" of "unobstructed wisdom" to create the "outer king" of all living beings who "have their own masters"。“Wisdom leaves no obstacles” means following life and death、Let the reincarnation happen、The "wisdom" of the equality of all things；"Everyone is his own master" means to free all living beings from the fear of life and death，Not drawn by life and death，Thus living and dying independently，Autonomous impermanence，Get free。

Taiyan admitted that he used to think that Zhuangzi was content with reincarnation，Its creation is not as good as Buddhism。Now he thinks，Zhuangzi lets his luck flow，Don’t envy Nirvana，bet365 coupon code why Zhuangxue is superior to Buddhism。Buddhism as supramundane law，Get liberation by transcending reincarnation，Only good for a few people (those with sharp tools)；Zhuangxue as a worldly law，Achieve liberation by following life and death，It is based on the hearts of the people，Most people (including Yichanti) can accept it。This way，Zhuangzi is a great compassionate expounder who "has achieved Buddhahood but does not abide in Nirvana"，"Zhuang Zhou's Dream of Butterflies" is the answer to "Certify that there is no life or death"，Shows the metaphor of "the way of inner saint and outer king" such as life and death，The ultimate goal is: "to spread the moral order of the people，Together with those who reach the polar regions，"Xiaoyaoyou" has stated its story，Li Yu New Year and Small Year，No big or small knowledge，Nothing to wait，Ti Zi Xiaoyao，bet365 coupon code the saying that I am always happy and pure。" ("Equality of Things") "I am always happy and pure" does not have to be Nirvana，No need to be on the other side，Following life and death is the manifestation of the Dharmakaya，Any luck reincarnation is the limitless pole。

In short，Taiyan uses the mundane laws of Zhuangxue to completely restore the transcendental laws of Buddhism，After layers of philosophical thinking，Traveling through many realms of bet365 coupon code，Didn’t use Buddhism to cover up Zhuangxue，In the end, we will return to the Zhuangxue spirit itself，What is highlighted is Zhuangxue as a worldly law。At the same time，Taiyan "begins to become a secular person"，The academic mentality of "returning to the true and becoming secular in the end" is also confirmed in his interpretation of "Zhuang Zhou's Dream of Butterflies"。

　　(Author’s affiliation: School of Philosophy and Social Development, Northwest University of Political Science and bet365 coupon code)