"Mission of Man" is an important topic in the German Enlightenment period，Surrounded by "what is the mission of man" and "how to achieve human mission" and other problems，The German ideological community has launched a warm discussion and debate，These discussions have had an important impact on Kant and Figit's thoughts。The existing philosophical history or the history of ideological history often puts the focus of narrative in Leibniz、Kant、Fisht and other famous philosophers，Lack of observation of the field of German ideological circles during the Enlightenment。

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Johann J. SpalDing，1714-1804) Anonymous published a book of only 26 pages in 1748，Title of "Small Mission About the Mission of Man"。It is generally considered，Writing purpose of this book，It is to respond to the mechanical materialist perspective in "Human Machine" published by La Mettrie in the same year。This book is well received after the introduction，Held after reading，Praise its new "classic" 。

In the book，Stabadin develops his discussion with Descartes -like personal contemplation: as a "I" as a "I" as a rational ability to explore life，A series of objects that reflect on people's own pursuit- "sensual", "spiritual pleasure", "moral", "religion"，and "Immortal"。Siberin's opening in the whole book is proposed，He wants to use "stable、Noble and beneficial ways to explore "why I exist" and "How do I exist in a rational way"。For human emotional desire，Siberin believes that this is not a human mission。People only feel empty after enjoyment，"The active and pleasant operation cannot satisfy my whole mind。It seems to have an abyss，Require another satisfaction "bet365 best casino games 。So，"I" will turn into the thinking about "spiritual pleasure"，But this kind of joy is not enough。"I" think of beautiful music、Beautiful flowers、Bright Sunshine and other beautiful things，These higher -level beauty gives "I" with more pure joy，The joy of "I" before the feeling of "I" can not be compared with it，"I" will easily forget the latter。"I" realize，"The natural endowment in my spirit is to explore the truth"。"I" needs to pursue the ability to improve the rationality，Clarifying the concept，Extended vision。But this will not make "I" satisfied，This is just a personal perfection，It has nothing to do with the happiness of "I"。"My" happiness depends on "morality"。"I" further discovered，There is a tendency in the heart to promote more people to get happiness。"I" transferred from a simple "spiritual pleasure" to "morality"。"I" realized after reflection on morality，Naturally there is the concept of right and wrong in the soul，So there must be a "legislator" that exists in the mind。The concept of this "legislator" guides "I" to explore the most successful existence，That is God's knowledge。This has entered the contemplation of "religion"。Siberin pointed out，The hope of constantly moving forward to enhance the value and mission of "I"，The existing life is not my existence purpose，"I" has an eternal goal，Develop towards complete，"My value and my happiness are only here"。

This work of Sibbertine aroused the warm discussion of the German intellectual community at that time，Ru Dude once discussed the "complete system" of the mission of the person with friends during the journey。Affected by Stubin's works，The works of related discussions are published。According to statistics，From 1740 to 1850，There are 71 books titled "Human Mission"，Most of them were published between 1770 and 1800。

　　A dispute between Menta Delson and Abert

Bet365 app download 1764，young scholar THOMAS ABBT and Jewish thought, Moses Mendelssohn, in communication on the topic of "human mission"。Abert pointed out，Sibbein's contemplation of "human mission" is both naive and dogmatic，If you look back at history, you will find it，There are a lot of sins in human history、slaughter and war，But Sibbertine's absurdity in the current situation of human beings is ignored，The self in rational contemplation has never reflected this，Therefore, his contemplation has nothing to do with reality。Abert thinks，The meaning of a person is vague，Not only rationality cannot solve this problem，Enlightenment did not tell us what the ultimate mission is。Abert's point of view of rationalism: For problems like "immortality，The inquiry of the rational itself cannot give the final result。Further say，The concept of "continuous improvement" itself is the ability of the same person。In addition，That kind of preparation for our life，The idea of ​​all the problems and the solution itself is wrong。

Compared with Abert，As a rationalist Mendelson, standing on the side of Stabadin，But he has revised the Christian belief of "This life is preparing for the life" in Sibbertine's work，On behalf of "both are means，Both are also the ultimate goals "。Mendelson holds a Leibniz -style optimistic proposition，Adhere to the world that we exist is the best world，The purpose of our existence is to achieve personal perfection，The mission of a person is "Complete God's intention in the state of rational understanding，Persistence becomes more complete，Happy in the perfect process "。Abert uses human history to criticize Siberin's point of view，Mendelson doesn't take it for this。He insists on Sibbein's point of view，The history of people's life is the process of the gradual development of the endowment。"Violence、Lucky、persecution ... bet365 live casino games These will cause us to die，But these cannot prevent people from seeking morality and rationality in the world "，"The fundamental person's mission，It is the ability to educate the soul according to God's intention，This is applicable to both fools and wise men，Only the difference in the process of implementation "。

Visible，The views of Mendelson and Abert are exactly completely opposed: the former advocates rational speculation，The latter opposes rational speculation; the former is thinking about individual individuals，The latter considers as an overall humans; the former is the description of philosophical anthropology，The latter resorts to reflection on history。

　　Kant, Figit and "Human Mission"

Norbert Hinske, Germany, pointed out，The debate between Mendelson and Abert is the main motivation of Kant's writing "The General Historical Concept of the Words of the World Citizens"。and German Conhai, a German Kant, Reinhardt Brandt, further argued that "human mission" should be the three major issues of Kant ("What can I know，What should I do，What can I hope ") The previous" original question "。Throughout the entire writing of Kant，The manuscript from the period of critical to "Practical Anthropology" published in his later years，can all find his thinking about this problem。

During the period of critical，Kant's thinking about people's mission is an individual abstract speculation。In the "Review of" A Commemilation on Aesthetic and Hobs "in 1764-1765，Kant proposed: "The ultimate purpose is to seek the mission of people"; "The biggest thing of a person is to know，How to achieve the right position it is in the creation，For as a person，What he should do "。Critical period，Kant's inspection of "human mission" has a historical dimension，Following as an overall humans。Kant pointed out in "Practical Anthropology"，The person's personality is that people can set their own Bet365 app download purposes，"perfect"。People can "make an animal with a rational ability to make themselves a rational animal"。Kant believes that people have three endowments: "technical endowment", "practical endowment" and "moral endowment"。The beginning of human beings，Need to develop "Technical endowment"，To save yourself，Breeding offspring。and the development of people，People have formed a society。In social life，"Practical endowment" (Make humans "educated、The destined harmonious existence ") conflict with" human natural tendency "。In this state，Human constantly creating conflict，At the same time, I also keep moving towards a more complete situation。and the rational situation of human expectations，It is the "moral endowment" of people's "moral endowment" continuously growing until it is fully realized。People are the combination of good and evil，Practical rational ability allows him to recognize the law of morality，But "There is a tendency to have a kind of positive desire that is not allowed"。To achieve human mission，People need to teach themselves in "art and science in society、Civilization and moralization "，This process is the process of being described by Kant from "Social Integration of Senior Perseverance" gradually becoming a "moral overall" process。Kant thinks，This kind of human overall moralization can only approach the continuous progress of the infinite generation，It is expected to reach。

The relevant discussion of "Human Mission" on Fisht is obvious，His masterpiece "On the Mission of Man" (1800) is proof，He also wrote "On the Mission of Scholars" (1794)。Feihit once recalled: Sibirine's works have been sowed in his "The initial sprouts of the higher speculation in his young mind"。

"On the Mission of Scholars" written in the Jear period distinguishes "the mission of a free person" and "the mission of the people in society"。As a rational Bet365 app download person，The purpose of his existence is "the increasing self -improvement of morality"。The ending of self -improvement is that people realize real freedom，Make "obey all irrational things to yourself，Freely controlling all irrational things in accordance with your own inherent laws "。This is a human "real mission"。But，"People are destined to be society"，In social life，People must not only complete the mission of freedom，It is also necessary to complete the mission between people in society。Feihit thinks，"The Mission of the People in Society" is in the process of the common improvement of people，Their enthusiasm of each other is "increasingly solid"，The scale of the union is "increasingly broad"。

The "atheist incident" that occurred in 1798 caused Fichut to a great blow，His practical philosophy began to transition to religious philosophy。"The Mission of Man" in the Berlin period reflects this。In the book，He divided two worlds: emotional world and super sensitive world，The emotional world is changing，Super emotional world is true and eternal。People should enter this super emotional world through moral actions and beliefs。In the super -sensitivity world，There is a higher existence。"The Law of Liberty" can only be explained by "Tai Yi，Explained by the infinite will to be maintained and loaded in your own range "。Among God, the "incomprehensible person"，"I can understand myself for myself"，Man's mission gets understanding through God。In the Pochite philosophy during the Berlin period，God's status has greatly improved。God is not only the inevitable result of the moral philosophy，and dominate everything、Manipulating all the spiritual entities，This universal will can "interfere with our hearts with the call of responsibility"。

Review of discussions related to "human mission" and Kant、Analysis of related content in Feihit'bet365 live casino games s works can be seen，Kant、Many of Feihit's views have a lot of contact with the discussion at the time，They follow、absorption、Discussion in these ideological circles，and raised the thinking of this topic to a new height。Review this topic，enable us to understand and think about the origin of the German classical philosophy research object from a greater ideological and historical perspective。

　　(Author Unit: School of Philosophy of Renmin University of China)