Individualism has different meanings in different contexts。During the Renaissance，Individualism with rich humanism，Emphasis of the liberation of personal desire、Astringent of rational and rights。Enter the era of capitalism，Personalist thought is increasingly contaminated with the color of self -ism，Separation of individuals from social groups，Therefore, as a syndrome of the times entered the vision of the thinkers。The same period，Tocoville and Marx are concerned about the problems of individualism in society。The latter obviously read Tocoke's "On the Democracy of the United States"，When writing "On the Jewish Problem"，Marx once mentioned this book。Although there are similar problems consciousness，But the reasons for the generation of individualism、Methods to deal with individualism，The two given a completely different answer。

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1831，To avoid the aftermath of the July Revolution of France，Logic of understanding the operation of the democratic system，Tocqueville went to the United States for a 9 -month survey，Writing the book "On the Democracy of the United States" later。In the book，Tocoke believes the collapse of the feudal aristocracy，The rise of the concept of democracy and equality is the trend of the times，The advantage of democracy and equality is that it can take care of the well -being of the majority of people，Promoting the prosperity of society。but but，Tocqueville does not take democracy as the perfect system，One of the social problems that believe that accompanied by the democratic system is individualism。Tocoke believes that individualism is a kind of emotion that only cares about it and is at ease，In the end, it will be combined with bet365 best casino games self -interest。In private life，It makes individuals and relatives and friends alienate; and in social and political life，It also allows citizens to isolate from compatriots，As a result of the weakening of social morality。Tocqueville is concerned that individualism will lead to two correlation consequences: first，The public order and good customs of the society will be a closed individualism、Eclipse by self -ism。Next，Individualism retreats to citizens to private fields，Follow the gains and losses of personal interests，but inadvertently participate in politics。Tocoke warns that this will be damaged community，Even becoming the soil of cultivating autocracy。

In -depth revealing individualism，Tockerville explained the reasons for this tide from two aspects。First，Democratic system replaces the feudal system，Make a large number of individuals appear。During the feudal aristocracy，One person may belong to the family，or belong to a certain social level，So as to have a relatively stable position and relationship。So，Everyone realizes that there are shelters above them，And he also has the obligation to support the lower position，From farmers and even the king，People who play different social roles are hooked together。Converse，In the era of democracy，The hierarchical shackles between people are broken，A large number of equal individuals appear，This brings the value concept of individualism。2，The interests formed in the struggle of the democratic revolution have exacerbated the formation of the individual tendency。The process of democratic system replacing the feudal aristocracy is often accompanied by long -term fierce struggle，The hatred between the class formed in the revolution will not disappear with the establishment of the democratic system。In a society just emerged in the democratic system，The former nobles did Bet365 app download not forget the former Rongguang，They regard the equal citizens of the new society as the oppressor，Outsiders who regard yourself as a social bureau。and those who have a humble status in the past are now enjoying equality，I feel uneasy inside，Once you encounter the past superiors，It will vote for "both the eyes that represent victory and the fear，Far away from away "。So，In a democratic society after the revolution,，Everyone often chooses to be alone。In short，From Tocqueville's view，Social changes have triggered personalist thought。

Disates caused by the democratic system，Tockerville believes that it can make up for the improvement of the system。He hopes that the freedom to participate in politics can make people realize the contact of each other，prompting everyone to act to break the gap，Participate in the reshaping of the community together。Tocoke thinks，Citizens can participate in politics freely to control the place、There are three major benefits to participating in national affairs: first，Participating in public life can make everyone realize that individuals cannot complete their careers in isolation，And the assistance of everyone needs to obtain everyone。2，Citizens participating in politics can contact realistic transactions，If you are preparing to build a road leading to your hometown，Citizens can most personally realize that the individual and the collective rest and the common。third，The full implementation of the free participation system，Can everyone always realize that they live in society。Over time，A kind of can cure personalist illness、The new fashion of unity society will produce and spread。

　　Marx: Understand individualism from the perspective of materialist history

During the Rhine Period，Marx encountered the "material interest problem" when participating in social and political issues，Starting realizing the social trend of individualism。During the Yearbook of bet365 live casino games the German France，Through the criticism of Hegel French philosophy、View the Jewish issue，Marx insight into the relationship between the national system and the civil society: not the former determines the latter，Instead, the public society has fundamentally shaped the political form。From yes，Marx revealed the illusion of the bourgeois political life: citizens in the sacred citizen system are actually "the slave of the self -discovered home [people]"，and the so -called freedom to participate in politics still depends on the amount of property。Visible，The freedom of the bourgeoisie not not only does not do as the hope of Tockeville，Become a pitch to alleviate individualism; instead，It becomes a catalyst for evidence and indulge in the existence of individualism。

In "German Ideology"，Material History Outlook as a new methodology of perspective society and history has been explained for the first time，Accompanied by it is a new perspective of understanding people from real material living conditions。So，Keep the foundation of individualism，The appearance of the system to cross the system，In -depth inspection of the material production form and production relationship of the "real person"。Marx pointed out，Each principle matches a specific social environment，The 18th century of individualism appeared as the age of the expansion of capitalist industrial expansion，It is also the age of the contradiction between the majority of social production and material data for the social production and material data。On the one hand，The private ownership of the capitalist production model strengthens the logic of personalism; on the other hand，The huge productive forces breed by the capitalist industry laid the material foundation for the individual single -style lifestyle。greatly improved due to capitalist productivity，Great abundance of social products，A historic turning of the communication form bet365 best casino games between people: at the time of the original isolation development of productivity，The relationship between people is naturally dependent。When a system of social material transformation and a comprehensive relationship between a capitalist society,，Independence of people based on the dependence of objects。The so -called independent life of individualism is just an illusion that floats on the surface，Senior reality reminds people that people need support from material exchange at all times。Personalism generated in the capitalist world，Not only cannot the individual independence cannot be achieved，Instead, it will eliminate personal traits in currency or capital，Social subjects become homogeneous、People with capital as a scale。From this，With the perspective of the historical view of materialism，Marx explained the material basis of "individualism" thought，and the so -called "independence" in this trend，A thorough removal of charm。

Material History View as a new methodology for understanding the world，Contains explanation and even changes the world's will。So，Material History View can provide another solution for breaking through individualist barriers。First，Material History to interpret the concept of individualism from a historical perspective，instead of directly evaluating the choice of personal lifestyle with simple moral value: "Whether the relationship between personal interests and universal interests conflict，Under normal circumstances，Depending on the economic relationship of real society，instead of individuals' moral issues in dealing with the relationship between themselves。""，Marx affirmed the capitalist development stage，As the last prehistoric history，Objectively laid the material foundation for the real liberation。Last，Materials History Views Follow the Personal Development of Reality，Not satisfied Bet365 app download with the survival status of people in the capitalist society，Therefore, the "real individual" that the historical view of materialism is concerned in the future of historical development，is the stage of real human history，That is the communist society。"Communism does not use self -reliance to oppose self -sacrifice，Do not sacrifice self -sacrifice oppositionalism，Instead, change the source of the substance that generates this opposite，That is the real and economic relationship of realistic。"" Communist society requires changing the form of private ownership and one -sided division of labor，Make people from all classes become the barriers to the opposition of the class，Reconstruction of the community of society。"Only in the community，Individuals can obtain a means of comprehensive development of their talents，That is to say，Only in the community can there be personal freedom。"When collective becomes a prerequisite for the comprehensive development of individuals，Personalism naturally eliminates intangible。Marx thinks，This is the ultimate prescription for eliminating individualism。

Questions on individualism，Tocoke and Marx reached "consensus"。In Totovir's solution，Let citizens realize that they are always in society，is the key step of cracking the tendency of separation。Marx also emphasized，Only by promoting the formation of a community that enables people to gain freedom and comprehensive development，Personalism can dissipate in history。but but，Considering the ideas of the two for the community，It is not difficult to find fundamental differences during the meter。Tocoke's Community，Actually pointing to a community of political life。But this ideal is equal、Free political community，However, it is impossible。and Marx's community is after the illusion of piercing the freedom of the political community，bet365 live casino games Future community based on eliminating the economic facts of private ownership。In short，Marx surpassed the pure institutional thinking with a view of materialist history，Interpret the root cause of the birth of individualism from the real material living conditions，and propose a more thorough solution。

　　(This article is the major project of the Ministry of Education's Humanities and Social Sciences Research Base "Chinese Socialist Practice Exploration and Rural Social Development" (18jjd710007) phased results)

(Author Unit: Department of Philosophy at Sun Yat -sen University)