There are three ways to qualify the concept of "ideology" in Marxism's ideological theory tradition: a negative way、Descriptive method and positive way。Where，As far as Marx Engels's related text on ideological issues，"Confusion" and "Description" (neutral) are not present，Because no matter which one of the two lacks the corresponding text basis，and will cause us difficulties in theoretical interpretation。Therefore，Marx Engels is in the final analysis of "ideology" in the ultimate "negative"。This "negative" ideological concept is proposed because of the emphasis on the critical factors contained in "ideology"，It is a criticism of a critical ideology that can provide standards for the solution of the rationalization problem。

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In the ideological outlook of Marx,，The concept of "affirmative" ideology this statement does not have possibilities itself，Because this method is undoubtedly the cancellation and neglect of the tension between "ideology" and "science"。In the eyes of Marx Engels，Wissenschaft is a general expression of the existing class struggle and the real relationship in the historical movement，and Natural Science is not only a systematic of objective laws for the objective and material exchange of nature in nature、Theoretical expression，Can also be converted into real productivity，Promoting the change of history。That is to say，These two interconnected aspects of "science" are not only for Marx Engels，And for human historical development，All are a kind of "affirmative"、Positive power。Because，The theory of science not only pursues the truth as its own farming field and the final goal，Can also be converted into real material power，Promote pre -historical advance。This，Where in Marx and Engels，Ideological forms as "interpreting human history" and "completely aside of human history"、Upside down、Unreal conceptual forms are actually outside the field of "science"; then，In the context of the text of Marx,，"Ideology" cannot be attributed to a "affirmative" thing。

To make "ideology" a "affirmative" concept system similar to "science"，Need to create by historical conditions，But people do not seem to understand Bet365 app download this condition -clarification or obstruction of social contradictions。Marx Engels thinks，The basic contradiction between the relationship between productivity and production is the fundamental motivation of historical development，The ideology in all class society in the past is the cover and solution of the fundamental contradictions of this society，Therefore, it also constitutes a solution to the real historical relationship。So，How to overcome the illusion of ideology in all class society in the past、Observation and distortion mechanism? This，Marx Engels does not say it，But they showed us a theoretical direction that overcomes the "illusions" -The scientific definition of "proletarian"。In their opinion，The proletariat is a proletariat if it cannot eliminate all oppression and exploitation in the society，Can't make yourself a class that is liberated from being oppressed and exploited，It is the last class before all class rule.。This means，Class interests of the proletariat are the most fundamental、The most common interests。Therefore，The proletariat does not need to use illusory principles and theories to cover up social contradictions and shape the legitimacy of them and their actions。and，Marx Engels also pointed out，In the real community form in the communist society that the proletariat movement,，Destroy of the contradictions of the special interests in the unreal community and the contradictions of common interests in the unreal community，The ideology itself will disappear。

This description，The theory of ideology and science is not completely opposed。or，"Affirmativeness" interpretation of "ideology" is not impossible。After Marx and Engels，Lenin conducted scientific construction of the proletarian ideological theory during the revolutionary period on the basis of inheriting Marx Engels' ideology.，shows us the initial reality of "illusory ideology" into "scientific ideology"。Generally speaking，Although Marx Engels foreshadows a theory that overcomes ideology of ideology，But in the final analysis，"Affirmative" ideology concept is not present in the text of Marxhstis。

　　"Description" ideological concept in the text basis

Researchers often think that Marx's "neutral" ideology or "descriptive" ideology concept is derived from Marx's famous "economic foundation -upper building" metaphor: "The sum of the sum of these production bet365 Play online games relations constitutes the economic structure of society，That is, a realistic basis that has a legal and political upper building erected it and has a certain social conscious form to be compatible with it。The production method of material life restricts the entire social life、The process of political life and spiritual life。"" In this passage，"Social consciousness form" is expressed as "upper -level building of thought" or the whole process of human society's spiritual life。According to other scholars' research，The German words used in the "social consciousness form" in Chinese text and the German words corresponding to the "ideology" of "ideology" are different。This can be seen，In the German context of the above text，Marx is consciously distinguished by the two concepts of "conscious form" and "ideology"。

Actually，In this overall discussion of the existence of society，Only the concept of "social consciousness" is explained by Marx's descriptive manner，that is, the general definition of "social consciousness" as the general definition of the general consciousness in history，Therefore, it does not have any "evaluation" color;，The concept of "ideology" is presented in a "negative" way in the later article: "When examining these changes，It must always be different from the following: one is the material that occurs in the economic conditions of production、Changes that can be indicated by the accuracy of natural science，One is those laws that people realize this conflict and strive to overcome it、Politics、Religious、Art or philosophy，Brief words，A form of ideology。"" here，Marx pointed out that the various forms of "ideology" are the consciousness or reflection of changes and conflicts in the field of social production，Of course this reflection is not a real expression of reality，but "distorted"，Because of ideology, it is formed to overcome these true contradictions (use the illusion principles and concepts to shape、Transfer or diluted contradictions)。So，"We judge that a person cannot use his view of himself as a basis，Similarly，We judge that in such an era of change cannot be based on its consciousness "。That is to say，The field of ideology is not in contradictions and struggles，It is full of contradictions and struggles，The reality behind people cannot know the reality behind the scene of ideology，It is from the upside -down use of ideology、Unreal words to cover up your bet365 Play online games own unscrupulous cover mechanism，This is the truth that Marx Engels has taught us in "German Ideology"。

This can be seen，Those views that Marx and Engels holds a "neutral" ideology view mostly comes from misunderstandings in the text。But this does not mean that it is impossible to talk about the concept of "descriptive" "descriptive" beyond the text context of Marx，Instead, this may lead to a danger: when we do not think, we will include the definition of "descriptive ideology" into our own concept of ideology.，It is easy for us to fall into the ubiquitous interpretation of Marx's ideological perspective，That is, "ideological" is too broadly understood as culture、Overall of social consciousness，and this generalized interpretation means the dissolution of the critical meaning of ideological concepts。

　　The rationality of the "negative" interpretation method of ideological concept

Looking at the history of the theory of ideology of Marxism，Researchers' interpretation of ideological concepts mainly comes from two meaning dimensions，The meaning of the meaning of epistemology and the meaning of sociology。Where，The significance of epistemology refers to the angle of the concept of ideological concept based on the true and false issues of understanding，can also be called philosophy、Significance of the ontology -based dimension，This significance dimension is more of the theoretical issues involving ideology; the meaning of the significance of sociology is the character that is undertaken from ideology、Function and the actual impact of explanation to explain the angle of ideological concepts，This dimension is more about practical issues involving ideology。These two different interpretations are typical of the ideological outlook on Lenin and the early Alfa, respectively.，One of the characteristics of the concept of "ideology" of Marx Engels deepened and expanded，Then explain my unique concept of ideology。Where，Lenin is more focused on the classicality of ideology，regarded ideology as the conceptual area and theoretical weapons of a class struggle; and the early Alduse emphasized the illusion of ideology，Take ideology as a "reproduction system" for pre -science or non -scientific "reproduction system"。Marxist ideology theoretical genre after Marx Engels，The ideological outlook between Lenin and the early Alduse reflects the ideological significance Bet365 app download and sociological significance of Marx Engels' ideological concepts。and we think，It is precisely because of the meaning of these two interwoven meaning that the completeness of Marx Engels' ideological concept、The meaning of "negation" in the true sense -dialectical negation。This is the principles contained in the "negative" ideology of Marx Engels，It shows the "internal criticality" of ideology in the process of evolution and update of ideology。As Marx Engels, the results obtained by "ideology" under the framework of historical dialectics，It is also a manifestation of the dialectical "discard" spirit contained in Marx and Engels' ideological outlook。Specifically，This "dialectical negation" on this ideological outlook is composed of the following two aspects。

First，Internal criticism in the sense of epistemology。Marx pointed out in "German Ideology" that ideological reversal reflection reality、Holding the illusion of history，This belongs to a "negative" ideological concept definition in the conceptual sense，But Marx does not just see the ideological illusion of ideology in the specific content of the bourgeois ideology、Different Iwest、Treatment of distorted，At the same time, he also saw the possibility direction of future human society in the ideal of liberal enlightenment proposed by bourgeois politicians and thinkers -communism。Therefore，From Marx's view，Ideology is not just illusory consciousness in the conceptive sense，That is the cover that is different from science、Trends the concept system of real social relations and economic facts，It is still a transcendent conceptual power; this transcendent force pointed to the future can inspire people of insight (working class) to change reality and realize ideals。That is to say，To achieve ideological liberation and guide the scientific revolution and practice，Must be exposed and critical of ideology as an illusion of concealment and distortion of social contradictions，At the same time, see the transcendence contained in the ideology，To fight with this、Negative conservativeness of ideology and false legitimacy created by covering mechanisms。This is the true intention of Marx's "negative" ideological concept of "internal critical".。Of course，Marx also realized that the inherent criticism in the ideological field can only be transcendence of ideological concepts，Real -renovation also needs to rely on overthrowing Bet365 app download the decaying production relationship to achieve the practice of "discarding" contradictions。

Second，Principles in the sense of sociological sense。The abandonment of ideology in the sociological sense can not only be regarded as an ideological internal observation process，It is also manifested as the ideological system of the proletariat.、Self -transcendence of the proletarian ideological system。First，The founding of Marxist philosophy is based on the basis of critical inheritance and discarding of German classical philosophy。Specific manifestations as: the guilty of criticism of Kant dual theory philosophy，Discarding the rational form of the dialectical law of Hegel's self -conscious philosophy，Discard of Ferbaha's alienation thoughts and abstract intuitive methods。Next，Socialism as a ideological system for the proletariat，There is also a process of abandoning the science from emptiness。Before Marx's founding scientific socialism，Four achievements of socialism in the air: one，Performing the capitalist society as a stage that will inevitably be crossed in the development of human society，Refuction of the eternal nature of capitalism; the second，Try to use economic production to explain the political system of society，The basic problems of the existence and development of society have initially entered their perspective;，Touched the essence of class struggle in the history of human society; four，To a certain extent, a reasonable depiction of the existence of people in the future society。Although the nature of socialism in human history、Power and development trends have made more reasonable ideas，But after all, I did not realize the real reason why human history developed so and this development，It has emptiness in many ways。and make socialism a work of scientific theory is completed by Marx，The historical view and surplus value theory he founded on the basis of inheriting the rational social heritage of socialism，The mysterious veil of the essence of history。again，Marxist philosophy as the scientific world view of the proletariat also shows a self -discarding process of maturity and perfecting during the spread、Self -transcendence posture。In his later years, Engels faced the simplified "youth" of the "Youth" in the German Social Democratic Party、Mechanized、Vulgarization tendency，Realized the transfer of historical materialism'Bet365 lotto review s focus: focusing on the relatively independent independence of ideological upper -level buildings with ideology -based ideological and inverse effects on the economic foundation。In his later years Engels faced the challenges of historical materialism, self -criticism and self -surpassing self -defense、Developed historical materialism，Therefore, it has promoted the further improvement of Marxist theory，and its in -depth spread in the International Workers' Movement。

Despite the interpretation of the three ideological concepts of "affirmativeness", "descriptor" and "negative", objectively exists in the ideological tradition of Marxism or non -Marxist ideology，With the differences in the context of the specific text, it has different degrees of reasonableness，But do we think，The true meaning of "internal criticality" according to the concept of ideology，Only the interpretation method of "negation" is the most reasonable interpretation method of Marx Engels' ideological outlook on ideology。

　　(Author Unit: School of Philosophy and Social Development of Overseas Chinese University)