In recent years，The concept of vulnerability is becoming more and more political、Sociology、Law、Follow in the fields of ethics。Although more and more scholars begin to recognize the importance of vulnerability，But there are few systematic research on vulnerability。The new crown pneumonia epidemic that has swept the world from 2020 to this day has once again let human beings deeply appreciate the fragility of life，Vulnerability is the fate that humans cannot escape。Despite this，In the history of ethics，Fulture is not considered a core concept。mainstream ethics theory is more willing to highlight the toughness of people，Emphasized that only the characteristics of rationality and autonomy can show human dignity and lofty。The development of human history is also described as a "dismissal" process that constantly defeats vulnerability。In this narrative background，Vulnerability is often regarded as negative，Compared with the well -being of human beings，It is a state that humans are trying to get rid of。But，No matter how we try to eliminate vulnerability，No matter what kind of attitude we use to reject fragile，Vulnerability seems to be a shackles that are set on humans，It is eternal。Disaster in life、Disease、Death is constantly revealing the existence of vulnerability to us。How should we face fragile and uneasy life and risky human society? This is a problem that everyone cannot avoid。

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Thinners of rationalist tradition often claim that rationality is a sign that human beings are different from other animals。This idea tradition is when the nature of the person defines the bet365 live casino games nature of people，Expand from the perspective that is different from humans and animals or even relative to stand。Due to reason，People have a state worthy of respect，is dignity。The dignity of a person is reflected in people who can get rid of animal nature，show your own nature of rationality。As the mainstream thought of ethics，This theory source is far away、Affairs profound。Winter in this tradition of thought，Over time，"We have forgotten the flesh，Forgot that our thinking is a kind of animal species "(Maikinsur)。Maikinsier thinks，The ethical philosophy of the past is just the vulnerability of human beings describing human vulnerability、The relationship between dependence and social justice，Failure to fully recognize the significance of vulnerability and dependence on human life。This is a serious error，This error comes from those who emphasize independent and independent rational actors and believe in the belief of rationality independent of animal nature。Mai Jinsier reminds us，No matter how different from animals，Human beings are the presence of animals first。This animal identity requires us to recognize that human existence has a physical dimension。Human flesh is exposed to disease、Aging、Disability and death，It is easy to be eroded。So，Humans are very fragile when they face these sufferings。

Another，A typical feature of human life is social。As a social existence，Everyone will enter a variety of intricate and complicated in the process of growing up、In the relationship of mutual dependence。Socialist ethicalists and feminist ethics scientists to construct their moral theory from vulnerability，Often represented the representative of traditional rationalism as the target of criticism。But in fact，Kant's concept of "non -social socialness" bet365 Play online games mentioned in the relevant expositions of anthropology and human history has revealed the inevitable vulnerability and dependence of human beings。In society，People have a strong self -worth consciousness，This value is based on comparison with others。People try to seek the superiority relative to others，This must be based on the existence of others，and can only be realized in the interaction with others。But，Because others also have requirements on self -worth，Therefore, everyone's acquisition of their own superiority will inevitably be in a opposition with others。In this process，People ask for cooperation with others，But at the same time, it cannot tolerate the advantages of others for the formation of themselves。In this kind of cooperation and competition，People are both dependent and fragile。

Human beings are both physical existence，It is also a social existence。Human life is restricted by vulnerability，Everyone is exposed in the continuous danger of physical and mental injury。Accelerate with the globalization process，People's experience of fragility is increasing daily。When new infectious diseases spread rapidly globally，Everyone may be affected by the disease。Human fragility is eternal，Disease is the normal state of life，Health is accidental。Vulnerability as the fate that humans cannot get rid of，It constitutes an important dimension that we review individual life and build interpersonal relationships。

　　Special vulnerability

Although fragility is common、inevitable，But because the environment is different，There are differences in each person's physique and ability to use resources，Some individuals or groups are particularly fragile。For example，When it is also exposed to the disease environment，Elderly people and children are more likely to be infected，Bet365 lotto review and people with strong resistance are not easy to cause disease。People who enjoy more social resources have strong response capabilities when they face risks，Its fragility is also relatively low。In the relationship between doctors and patients，Patients must not only bear the damage caused by the disease，And most patients do not have pathological knowledge about disease，Many times I can't fully understand the uncertainty of medicine，This makes patients face some invasive examinations and treatment，It is in a further vulnerable state when you need to make a medical decision。Another，Unjust society、Politics、Economic and cultural system will exacerbate the vulnerability of some people，Make them particularly fragile。When the vulnerability of an individual is integrated because of his relationship and environment，Others and society have the responsibility to take positive actions to help them reduce the damage。

The vulnerability and special fragile people generally hold the vulnerable vulnerability of human beings coexist in human life。We must realize "we" instead of "they" are fragile，Vulnerability is a common feature of human beings。At the same time，We must also realize that "they" especially fragile，We need to give "them" special care and care。After all，"They" represent the "we" past、It may be now、The state of the future will also be。Vulnerability expresses the limit of life，Lile the possibility and necessity of all morals。No vulnerability，We will not be able to understand the condition and morality of human beings。It can be said in this sense，Vulnerability is the starting point of ethics。What needs to be noted is，We emphasize fragility as the starting point of ethics，It is not denying the important position of independent concepts in traditional mainstream ethics，Not Bet365 lotto review to try to replace vulnerability replacement of autonomy to become the basis and morality of ethics。To be precise，We think，Even the ethical theory with autonomy as the cornerstone is based on the premise of recognizing the existence of vulnerability。If not，People without vulnerability will be no different from God，Morality discussed in mainstream ethics、Responsibility、Obligation、Rights and other specifications will lose the meaning of existence。In fact，Autonomy and vulnerability is not a pair of concepts that are completely opposed，Instead of entangled with each other、inseparable。The state of vulnerability and autonomy is the real state of people in real life，One -sided emphasis on any party is not fair。

　　Acknowledge fragility

Human life is restricted by vulnerability，Facing the fragile destiny that humans cannot get rid of，We should first adhere to the attitude of recognition rather than rejecting vulnerability。With the development of science，Human cognitive ability is continuously enhanced，The cognitive field is continuously expanding，The ability to transform the world is gradually increasing。The emergence and rapid development of genetic technology has served as a booster for human evolution。Needless doubt，The development of science and technology is the embodiment of human rationality and autonomous abilities，Demonstrate the subjectivity and dignity of human beings。But，Human beings can easily generate arrogance while confirming their own value，Attempt to surpass the status and identity of its "created" with freedom and rationality，Get rid of his limited nature。Reinhold Niebuhr insight into the fragile facts and attitudes to vulnerability，​​He pointed out that this kind of arrogance and pride is an important reason for human beings to fall into disaster and anxiety。The bet365 best casino games meaning of recognition of vulnerability is to alert humans when developing technology and medicine，Always have a awesome attitude，Awe of life，Awe of nature。Only with this attitude，Human beings can avoid unnecessary damage caused by arrogance and impatience。Medical technology is helping humans to defeat diseases、Exempted pain for pain，But if humans forget the nature of vulnerability,，Try to obtain eternal life with the ability of the help of the sexual ability，will inevitably fall into disaster。

Human beings are fragile and dependent，The maintenance of individual life is inseparable from the help of others。Development of rational ability、Promotion of Happiness、The realization of morality is inseparable from cooperation with others，We are in the world that we depend on each other，The regulations of the community where the survival of it。Everyone may experience the helplessness brought by vulnerability at a certain stage of life、panic and even despair。In this sense，Everyone is "weak"。This generally stored vulnerability and mutual dependence constitute the basis for the principle of favoritism，It requires us to start from the concept of the community of human destiny，Copy the vulnerability of human beings by creating a social atmosphere of unity and mutual assistance and the institutional framework of justice。In front of nature，Humans are fragile，We need to help each other to reduce suffering; as a social existener，We are fragile in emotion and psychology，We are easily ignored、Insultant、Rejected，I will feel sad、frustration，Therefore, we need to care for each other。Everyone is fragile，So it is from each other。No one is self -sufficient，We need to help the same boat。At the same time，We especially need to identify and pay attention to those particularly Bet365 app download fragile people or individuals，Analysis of the cause of vulnerability，Reduce damage caused by vulnerability，It is also necessary to avoid new vulnerability caused by human factors such as systems。A righteous society should reduce the degree of human injury through the corresponding socio -economic system，Avoid special fragile people who are at a disadvantage to bear more burdens。

　　(This article is the Science Research Fund of the Renmin University of China (Special Funding for Special Fund Fund Fund for the Scientific Research Business Fees of the Central University) (19xnb028)

(Author Unit: Renmin University of China Ethics and Moral Construction Research Center and Philosophy)