Wilfrid Sellars is a famous American philosopher in the 20th century，It has proposed a lot of influential arguments。His rejection of "The Given" in the theory of epistemology，Unique description of conceptual content，Persistence of scientific realism，In the past 30 years, I have received widespread attention and controversy in the Western philosophy world。Standardous thought is the core of Celas philosophy，He believes "people form judgment、Have concepts、The ability to judge rationally，Playing the role of the actor，To a large extent depends on its response to standards "。Celas's interpretation of normative issues begins with the discussion of the theory of perception and criticism of the myth。

The 2050s，Logical empiricalism has been deeply criticized in the United States，and Celas and 蒯 蒯 蒯 蒯 蒯 蒯 are the main sponsor and promoter of this trend。蒯 Due to the strict distinction between analysis of propositions and comprehensive propositions because of opposition logic empiricalism，and criticized the basicism in the original theory。Celas is in "Empiricism and Philosophy of Mind" (Empiricism and Philosophy of Mind).。Thinking of the past academic circles，People have a "talent skills" that can understand direct experience or psychological state，It guarantees the autonomy of "what you give" or "direct experience"、Non -conceptual and non -push rational features。Bet365 app download Celas explains the normative and conceptual content of the observation event through perception theory，Decisure the existence of this "talent skills"，and refute the "myth to the myth"。

Celas pointed out，Traditional empirical truth truths advocate things such as visual sensory sensory perception provided us with non -pushing knowledge。He takes the following two perspectives，It shows that the mistakes made by traditional empiricists when dealing with this view are confusing、Ambiguous。"(1) There is some kind of‘ inner film ’(inner episode) -s such as people or animals before the sense of red or C#，No process of learning or forming concepts。But without it，In a sense，We can't see it、Hear anything，For example, the surface of an object is red、Triangle，or I heard a sound C#。(2) There is some kind of ‘inner film break’ -for example, understanding of red or c#，It is not reasonable to know that a specific item is red and c#。Because these films are broken for all other empirical propositions，So they are necessary conditions for experience and knowledge。”

Celas believes that the "inner film break" in the first point of view is just a state of sense，No need to learn about knowledge or language; "inner film break" in the second point of view is non -reasonable knowledge，It is the basis for us to know the world。It is not difficult to see，These two views are compatible with each other，The combination of the two，is one of the forms of the myth that Celas criticized。Obviously，Humans and animals have some inherent state when they perceive things。According to Celas's point of view，These states are just bet365 live casino games accidental events，They are not knowledge，Can't provide defense for our beliefs，However, these states do play a causal role in the formation of faith。Experience believes that these empirical states provide guarantee for our knowledge at the most basic level。At the most basic level，Knowledge is built in the form of atomic theory，Because it contains knowledge that is interested in semantically，and people get this knowledge without having any other knowledge。As non -empirical，Celas clearly opposes the concept of an experience in the form of an atomic conception as a knowledge foundation，But he accepted some of the views of empiricalism，Existence in the form of observation，knowledge with non -pushing rational characteristics does play an indispensable role in laying our knowledge。

Celas believes that consciousness is a non -reasonable observation report，It is the cause and effect of our environmental stimuli、Reliable response。This description of consciousness is equivalent to the observation report does not need to be explained by nature，Explain the "standardization" of observation reports to appeal。The "standardization" of observation report can be called an external constraint of perception，or a causal constraint。In the sense of standardization，The "standardization" of observation report can be explained by conforming to or not in the language community (Rule of Criticism)，or the "standardization" of the observation report can be interpreted as "what should be done"。According to Celas's point of view，We can imagine the application of concepts as constraint。

bet365 Play online games Celas uses a reliable conditional reaction to demonstrate the basic role of observing knowledge。His view is similar to external reliability，3273_3301，Only reliable processes and capabilities can ensure the true of faith。Celas thinks，Some basic observation knowledge has a positive status，Not because they first inferred from the so -called "defense order"，but the results of the trainers received by cognitives，This can ensure that their report is a reliable response to appropriate stimuli。Although Celas and defense have so many common points in common，However, he is not pure reliableist。Celas claims that not any reliable oral response can be regarded as a real observation report。The real observation report must have conceptual content，It must be able to play a certain role in the "reasoning logic space of the reason" claimed by Celas。The role of the reason for the logical space is to defend knowledge，Can make people have the status and ability to gain knowledge。Conceptual content is the additional knowledge that the real actor must have，That is, the actor needs to make inference，and adopt the ability to act properly related to the report。The overall discussion of this conceptual content means that Celas resolutely oppose the basicism of epistemology at an attempt to build a knowledge base based on atomic theory。

Celas refuses experience to play the role of defending knowledge，and regarding observation knowledge as a reliable response empirical viewpoint。He believes that observation knowledge is a form of complicated interaction between the world and us and neural organs.，bet365 Play online games This makes us produce "this is red" idea or report when I found that the red object is。Of course，Parrot and thermometer can also bet365 Play online games make a reliable response to stimuli，Therefore, Celas must explain what it is needed to refer to some kind of reaction as a report or an experience and knowledge that the actor has content。In the book "Experience and Mind Philosophy"，Celas criticized the "thermometer view"，to prove that some people's accidental reactions meet the requirements of real reports。The authority of these reactions comes from the movement of the movement.，People who can react reliably in appropriate circumstances。other，To make the words meet the requirements of the observation report，The discourse must have conceptual content。If the words are defined as conceptual content，It must be embedded in other knowledge networks provided by such content through reasoning。When an actor responded,，such as "This is red"，Actionmen must promise to have all kinds of knowledge that can be able to make real observation reports，Actionmen must know where to recognize and report red objects reliably。Parrot or light wave meter may make a reliable reaction to the existence of red objects，But they will not consider the above things，This is a key difference between observation of conceptual content with conceptual content and non -actors' simple reactions。In short，If you want to be observation knowledge，A report must be executed correctly，It must have a positive and standardized position as a knowledge defense。

If people have talent skills that can understand direct experience or psychological state，Can intuitively bet365 Play online games make a reliable response to external stimuli，and get self -confidence、Non -conceptual and non -pushing observation report，So it is tantamount to thermometer or parrot tongue。In "Experience and Mind Philosophy"，Celas pointed out，To transform the "thermometer view" into a full description of observation knowledge，The first thing to do is to explain the standardization of observation knowledge。I feel that it is not a direct object that knows，It is not a certain kind of knowledge。Feeling or observation framework is the starting point for people to gain knowledge。Because the knowledge knowledge itself is not a direct knowledge about sensation，Instead, I use sensation as an intermediary。Therefore，"Give" or "Direct Experience" is not self -permeable、Non -conceptual and non -pushing features，Should not be included in the field of recognition，should be placed in the cause and effect field。

"Give" or "Direct Experience" and other observation knowledge includes conceptual and standardized content，Therefore, the language skills we use to report the sense of sensory the physical world obviously need to learn the corresponding rules to obtain，The ability to understand our direct experience is also obtained by learning language and social norms。Therefore，We can consider through worldly constraints、Specific and conceptual content to explain perception，It is closely related to the conceptual ability obtained by people the day after tomorrow。So we don’t have to acknowledge the role of the perception itself，Non -pushing rational knowledge formed by "logical reason space" can replace the given。

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(Author Unit: School of Applied Foreign Languages ​​in Heilongjiang University)