Dignity is one of the core concepts of contemporary thoughts and life，It appears widely in people’s daily words and deeds，It also appears widely in morals、Law、Politics and other fields。Article 38 of the Constitution in my country clearly stipulates: "The personality and dignity of citizens of the People's Republic of China is not violated。"The first article of the Basic Law in Germany also wrote，"The dignity of people cannot violate，Respecting and protecting it is the obligation of all national institutions "。other，Dignity is also one of the basic concepts of the United Nations in 1948 "The Declaration of Human Rights"。

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The concept of dignity has ancient origins in the traditional Chinese and Western ideas and practice，It is by no means a new thing that appears in modern Europe。"The Cambridge Handbook of Human Dignity: Interdisciplinary Perspectives, 2014) Not only sorting out the concept of dignity in the history of European thought from ancient Greece to the 19th century, the context，Also noticed the cultural tradition of this concept outside Europe -for example, Islam、Hinduism、Buddhism and Chinese Confucianism and Taoism -get the idea and expression of ideas。"Dignity: A History, 2017) also made a similar cross -cultural ideological history traceability work。Because of this，Zhang Pengchun, a Chinese scholar who participated in the drafting of the World Human Rights Declaration Bet365 lotto review at the time，This declaration should not emphasize the European thought origin of the concept of dignity，Confucian "Ren" also expresses the same meaning as Dignity。

But，Dignity is the same as many other philosophical concepts，Existing changes in ancient and modern times。Whether in ancient China or ancient Greece and ancient Rome，Dignity is only understood as a part of the talents。In modern times，Dignity is understood as what everyone has。More importantly，In ancient and modern thoughts and practice，The reason why a person has dignity is different。In Chinese，"Respect "'s original meaning is used to sacrifice or entertain the wine device of the noble person，Later extended to "honor"。The original meaning of "strict" is to reprimand punishment according to the rough standard，Later extended to "majesty", "vague"。The word "dignity" synthesized by the word is therefore meaning "honor、majestic "。This word has appeared in the pre -Qin classics，"Book of Rites" talks about "dignity qi"，"Xunzi" talks about the four methods of being a teacher，One of them is "dignity and fear"。The word "dignity" in the Han Dynasty's "Spring and Autumn Delosa" and "Big Dai Rites" and other works，But all used to describe the king or nobleman。Generally speaking，In ancient Chinese classics，The term "dignity" is basically used to describe people with high weight or morality，Li Yan、Those who are not as good as a small man or beast are not dignified。In ancient Greece and ancient Rome，People's concept of dignity is similar to the situation in ancient China。Dignity, the Latin word source of the English word is bet365 live casino games roughly "advantages", "excellent quality"。Therefore，Only those excellent people are from famous people、People with power or virtue，Only having dignity。

　　From level dignity to equal dignity

In traditional Chinese and Western ideas，The concept of dignity is preset a hierarchical structure。It may be the size of power，It may also be a virtuous high。In the context of religious，It may also be the order order of the existener created and specified by God。and a person's dignity is based on his position in this level of structure -he must have enough power，or has enough morality。other，Because dignity is based on a certain level structure，It thus becoming a relative concept that can be compared。In a hierarchical structure related to dignity，A is higher than B，b status is higher than C，And they all reached a certain "status and grid line"，D but there is no "passing"。This，D does not have dignity，B has more dignity than C，But B's dignity has no A.。The interesting thing is，D. If you do not understand the "lowest position" required by dignity，I thought it only required to be a comparative "relative position"，So he can always get a hallucination "dignity" feeling in a person who is lower than him。

Comparison of comparison，Dignity in modern times is conceived for everyone。Even the people of the civilians、A poor person，even virtue corruption、Ten evil criminals，Also has dignity。and a person has dignity，It means that this person should be respected to some extent，instead of being bottomless、Unlimited damage and insult。In modern times，The use standard for the concept of dignity is low，It is Bet365 lotto review used unconditionally for everyone; in fact, the quality of the quality is also very small，It no longer requires a person to be excellent enough in a certain aspect。other，As mentioned earlier，Classical dignity as a relative concept that can be compared，Classical dignity as a relative concept that can be compared。The concept of dignity of modern style contains the equality of everyone in dignity，Can't say that one person has more dignity than another。This kind of equality has its origin in Christian thought，As "Jane Love" said，Everyone "pass through the grave，Stand at the feet of God，Equality of each other "。but but，The equality of the dignity of everyone in modern style no longer depends on the background of this religious thought。It is just because of，Everyone is also a person，A person is just a person — no need to be an outstanding person — just dignity。

From the perspective of the history of thought，"Everyone has equal dignity" This idea is actually not officially proposed until the late 18th century，The most famous advocate is Kant。He wrote in "Moral Sacrifice to School"，"Everything that constitutes a certain thing that can become the purpose of freedom itself，Not only does it have a relative value，Sales，Instead of inherent value，Dignity "。Here，Kant compared dignity and price: Dignity is the internal value，It is only based on the dignified person itself，instead of relying on others。Dignity is absolute value，It cannot be priced，Therefore, no so -called "equivalent" can be used for dignity。From the perspective of Kant，The reason why everyone bet365 Play online games has the same dignity internal，is that everyone as a rational person，I am the master、Standards my own，"Self -discipline is the basis of human nature and the dignity of any rational nature"。Of course，In real life，Not everyone has actually achieved autonomy or self -discipline。For example，A person does not actually regulate rationally due to the limitation of the physical body or the weakness of the mind。or，A person becomes a plant man，Lost rational。or，A person is just a baby，Not actually rational。But these do not prevent them from having dignity，Because he is one person after all，Potential potential with rational。

　Dignity rooted in the identity of the rational person

A very important ideological contribution of Kant is，He greatly highlights the concept of personality。This concept was proposed in ancient Rome，But Kant associated it with rationality for the first time: "Some existences ... if they are unreasonable existences，They only have the relative value as a means，Therefore, it is called a business; instead of this，Personal existence is called personality，Because their nature has highlighted that they are free, the purpose itself，That is something that cannot be used as a means "。People as a rational existence，It is a personality that is different from things。We can deal with things arbitrarily，Use it as a means to use it at will。Once the thing is lost，We can abandon it all。But，We can't treat people like this。Everyone as personality，Not for the purpose of other purposes，He is the purpose。Everyone as a dignified person，Not because he is useful、It can be valuable to Bet365 lotto review create value，He himself has "unconditional、Unparalleled value "。Kant thinks，The reason why a person is personality，The reason why he has dignity，Because he is a rational person，Personality and dignity are tied to autonomous rationality。but but，"Personality" as Kant's "Person" Chinese translation is misleading，Let us mistake it that it can only refer to this kind of creature。But Kant has pointed out，Person is only about rationality。This，Even if a person is not human -for example，Alien thought of Kant，Kant did not expect a robot -as long as it has reason，It is also a person。Actually，Person's word has a more reasonable translation name in the context of Christian thought，。The so -called position，It is a cannot be canceled in social space、Unswerving position。

Through the clearness and extension of Person's meaning in Kant philosophy，We can further advance and supplement Kant's dignity concept。Kant fastened his dignity to a rational person of a person，and each rational person is naturally in the rational social space -Kant's statement is "the Kingdom of the Nights" -，Therefore, everyone has the same dignity。Here，We can dilute the aspect of the rational identity of Kant's concept as the basis of the basis of dignity，and strengthen the rational social space of the basis of dignity.、Unwavering aspects。Now，Consider this rational social space，It is of course a standardized role as a rational product，Everyone as a rational person，Of course, as a bit in a rational social space, it has dignity in the area。But in the real social space (the term of Kant's term，It Bet365 app download is an experienced social space)，Everyone wants to actively occupy one of them，It is necessary to use his efforts or even struggle。Reasonable self -dignity Shen Zhang，It is necessary to supplement the pursuit of actual self -dignity。and people fight for dignity，is to expand the rationality of real social space。

　(The author is a professor at Yuelu Academy, Hunan University)