After the bet365 bonus code pa of Leo Strauss and his school was introduced into the country，Causing great response and research enthusiasm。However，Different scholars have fundamental differences in their understanding and evaluation of the bet365 bonus code pa of this school。There is a circular and mutually supporting relationship between the bet365 bonus code pa of the Straussian school and its research on the history of Western bet365 bonus code pa。From a methodological perspective，Although the research on the history of bet365 bonus code pa of the Straussian school has puzzling uniqueness and deep aspects，But it inherently contains fundamental methodological errors。

The research methods of the history of bet365 bonus code pa of the Straussian school mainly include the "explicit/subtle text reading method" and the overall interpretation framework of "the dispute between ancient and modern times"。The former is also the unique "identity" of the study of the history of bet365 bonus code pa of the Straussian school。According to Strauss，Political philosophers can master a writing technique very skillfully，They will cross-use two languages ​​in the same text to convey information to the reader。A language is explicit preaching for the general public，Anyone can master the basic meaning of text through reading；Another kind of language is to deliberately use vague but hidden rhetorical methods to teach a small number of people in subtle ways in order to bypass the political hostility of the people towards philosophers。This kind of hidden teaching can show the part that claims to be the truth to a few elites，Also fully takes into account the values ​​​​that political society relies on to maintain。Only those well-trained "experts" can see the clues after chewing the text for a long time。In Strauss’ view，“bet365 bonus code pa” is not primarily concerned with a research topic，But a way of disposal，That is, the politicization of philosophy。Philosophy is a subversive undertaking that replaces “opinion” with “truth”，But the stability of political society is precisely based on "opinions"，"Opinion" as an indispensable matrix of political society is embodied in morality、Religion and Law。The unbridled value-neutral intellectual exploration of philosophy will inevitably break through the limits of morality and religion，Divide and disintegrate people’s moral beliefs and religious beliefs，This destructive activity will definitely arouse the hostility of the people，Making philosophers "enemies of all the people"。Therefore，The relationship between philosophers and the people is essentially in conflict and confrontation。Philosophy not only needs to defend its existence at the court hearing of the political community，And it is necessary to compromise and compromise，That is, conscious self-regulation，To resolve the dispute between philosophy and politics。Strauss’s bet365 bonus code pa is actually to contain philosophy with politics，Set politics as the "compass" of philosophy，And seal the philosophical discussion of "never restless" in the political field。

The author believes that the "explicit/subtle text reading method" of Strauss and his school has the following flaws: First，This unique text reading method lacks universal applicability，Cannot be promoted to a research methodology on the history of philosophy in the strict sense。Strauss is refining and summarizing his research methods on the history of philosophy，The “sampling” of philosophical texts is not random，But targeted。When he confirmed his conclusion, he only used texts that passed his own screening as examples，without fully considering the vast majority of key textual evidence that contradicts his view。Proposition of his “explicit/subtle text reading method”，Completely based on Plato、“Case studies” of political philosophers such as Al-Farabi，Incomplete induction based on partial generalization，Therefore, the research conclusion is destined to be very different from the actual historical context of bet365 bonus code pa。Second，Strauss is keen to divide readers into strictly differentiated camps of "intelligence and stupidity"，This rigid and arbitrary dichotomy faces two difficulties: on the one hand，The theoretical basis of "dichotomy" is difficult to establish，Contrary to the classic writer’s own ideological interests。Confronting Strauss’s so-called “dichotomy”，Careful readers will inevitably have doubts，Is this distinction a common ideological essence shared by the historical bet365 bonus code pa texts that are the subject of research，Or is it Strauss’s preconceived labels for the authors out of the convenience of his own theory？Open any classic bet365 bonus code pa works in history，Easy to find，The answer tends to be the latter。Actually，Most classic writers themselves did not consciously adopt the "split personality" expression，The starting point for them to think about bet365 bonus code pa issues is not to first distinguish between wisdom and stupidity among the readership，But for things like justice、Virtue、Inspection of fundamental political philosophical issues such as obligations。If the difference between philosophers and people does not exist in the author，So naturally there is no need for special writing skills to convey both explicit and implicit teachings。This way，The basis of Strauss’s “explicit/subtle text reading method” will be self-defeating。On the other hand，The "dichotomy" is seriously inconsistent with empirical facts，Strauss seriously underestimated the continuity of the transition from lower to higher wisdom。Actually，The distribution of human intelligence is not a difference in type，But a gradient color difference on a similar color spectrum，Even the most intelligent intellectual elite cannot guarantee that there will be no mistakes。As the saying goes，"A wise man thinks a thousand times"，There must be one mistake” “Three Stooges is better than Zhuge Liang” “Three people in a row，There must be a teacher for me" etc.，These proverbs show that there is no unbridgeable gap between wisdom and foolishness。Even if we admit Strauss’s simple dichotomy，There is no guarantee that ordinary people or fools will receive the author’s explicit teachings，What philosophers receive are the ideological signals of the author’s hidden teachings，Because there is a certain information asymmetry in the communication between readers and deceased authors，It is entirely possible that "the speaker has no intention but the listener has intention"，An unintentional remark made by the author may be labeled as a meaningless statement after over-interpretation by intentional readers。A key presupposition of Strauss’ implicit reading is，Readers assume that they can accurately identify the author’s hidden teachings，And further determined that the hidden teachings he identified were the author's true intentions in disguising his dangerous views。However，Such a presupposition is difficult to establish。Third，Strauss’s research method on the history of bet365 bonus code pa is not “falsifiable”。Since the primary virtue of studying the history of bet365 bonus code pa is to objectively reproduce the ideological propositions of political philosophers in history，Then the texts of political philosophers are of course the objective standards for measuring the value of research，Evaluate the pros and cons of research on the history of bet365 bonus code pa，The direct way is to return the author's text，Check whether there is any textual basis。However，Strauss’s implicit reading method has the flexible effect of “catching both sides”，When the interpreter’s opinion is well documented，You can freely acknowledge the author’s explicit teachings，When the interpreter’s point of view differs from the classic text，The interpreter can also claim that the author is writing implicitly，The ultimate logical result is that no matter how the interpreter explains it, one can "follow one's heart without going beyond the rules"。In other words，Hidden reading lacks an objective reference standard，It also becomes an excuse for the explainer to avoid accusation，Turn the normal communication between the author and the reader into a tricky "guessing" game。The author thinks，Once the texts of political philosophers are published，It should be used as a "public tool" for the world to allow interpreters to carry out rational communication and dialogue，With the free disclosure of text information，In the collision process of criticism and defense，Continuous sparks of thought may clarify seemingly unclear ambiguities。Fourth，The subtle reading exaggerated by Strauss allows some intellectual elites to directly experience the secret pleasure of becoming political philosophers，Commitment to this secret pleasure，It has indeed whetted the appetite of a group of researchers who are committed to exploring the secrets。In this decryption experience，The interpreter imagines himself as the protagonist in the narrative of a political writer，Taste the "role reversal" like a "lifelike butterfly"，However, this mysterious "sense of substitution" of psychological experience has exceeded the scope of academic research and rational discussion。

Studying the history of Western bet365 bonus code pa within the framework of the “controversy between ancient and modern times”，Combining and explaining the "logic" of the evolution of the history of Western bet365 bonus code pa，It is another main way of studying the history of bet365 bonus code pa of the Straussian school。Strauss believes，Plato’s bet365 bonus code pa is a shining example of bet365 bonus code pa。Since then，The logic of the entire history of Western bet365 bonus code pa has become an obstruction to this highest ideological form、Forgetting and Betrayal。Especially in modern times，With the advancement of the “three waves of modernity”，Modern philosophers have gradually ignored the dignity of human nature by ancient political philosophers、The difference between wisdom and foolishness，As a result, modern politics has completely forgotten the explicit/hidden dual teachings of ancient philosophers，Completely deviates from the high standards of Plato’s bet365 bonus code pa，Therefore, modern politics is uncontrollably heading towards malaise，This regression is mainly reflected in the demoralization of politics and the technicalization of politics。Strauss believes，To avoid the decline of modern bet365 bonus code pa，It is necessary to return to ancient bet365 bonus code pa，Listen to Plato’s hidden teachings。

By reviewing the overall theoretical schema of Strauss’s debate between ancient and modern times，The author believes that his argument has the following problems: First，The misinterpretation of “discussing history”。Strauss viewed the entire history of modern bet365 bonus code pa as a history of forgetfulness of Plato’s hidden teachings，A history of the decline of bet365 bonus code pa，This view is hardly serious、One that can withstand scrutiny。Actually，Strauss attempted to use his own "theory" of bet365 bonus code pa to erode the "history" of bet365 bonus code pa in the historiographic sense。Under the refraction of the "prism" of the overall framework of the dispute between ancient and modern times，What readers see is not an objective picture of the history of bet365 bonus code pa，It is a highly distorted "image" imbued with Strauss's bet365 bonus code pa，This distorted image of the history of bet365 bonus code pa in turn proves Strauss’s bet365 bonus code pa stance。Secondly，Double standards。Strauss discussed entirely the glamorous side of ancient politics，But avoid talking about the negative aspects of ancient political society；When discussing modern politics, it is almost always negative。This reflects its double evaluation standards，That is, adopting a “presumption of innocence” for ancient politics，Adopt "presumption of guilt" for modern politics，This kind of "virtue-based" evaluation standard is too one-sided，Cannot objectively reflect the overall development context of the history of bet365 bonus code pa。In comparison，Oakshott’s understanding of the history of bet365 bonus code pa is actually more reasonable，Political philosophers in the history of philosophy all have a pessimistic attitude towards human political life，Considering that human political life is rather a continuous dilemma，The entanglement between political order and permanent dilemma lies in，Order can alleviate difficulties。Every masterpiece of bet365 bonus code pa is an innovative response to the dilemma of the times，The integrity or unity of the history of bet365 bonus code pa is reflected in the fact that it is a tentative solution to different aspects of human beings' eternal political dilemma。Plato was concerned with how to overcome the difficulties of Athenian democracy；Hobbes tried to respond to the dilemma of the state of nature with absolute sovereignty；Rawls’s “Theory of Justice” attempts to answer the question of incommensurable moral doctrines、An era of conflicting religious beliefs，How is a fair and stable well-ordered society possible。Finding political order in the eternal dilemma of human beings is a consistent theme in the history of bet365 bonus code pa。Again，“Olympia” interpretation。Analytical philosopher Martinich pointed out，Strauss’s explanation of the history of Western bet365 bonus code pa is actually Olympian。Strauss’ text of a political philosopher looking down from above with the eyes of the gods on Mount Olympus，In order to meet the requirements of the grand thought schema he confirmed，He does not hesitate to selectively adjust some details，Thus replacing、Tamper or even cancel other details。If we regard the entire history of Western bet365 bonus code pa as a long and difficult sentence，Strauss's "sentence reading" method is not primarily concerned with where to "segment" the logical connections and ideological structure of the history of bet365 bonus code pa，But where to "break the sentence" can better highlight the rupture in the political thinking landscape of ancient and modern times。Strauss spent his life questioning the evil of modern bet365 bonus code pa，And use it as a target for attack，To achieve the purpose of promoting the past and abandoning the present to criticize modernity。This is why he sometimes considers Hobbes to be the founder of modern bet365 bonus code pa，The reason why Machiavelli is sometimes regarded as the founder of modern bet365 bonus code pa。Strauss is more concerned about，Which writer's "new moral attitude" can support his grand theoretical framework of "the dispute between ancient and modern times"。Strauss’s “Olympian” interpretation of burying the author’s voice in the grand narrative，The direct consequences are，It can easily lead to unnecessary distortions of political philosophers。Through this interpretation，What we get is not a restatement or paraphrase of the thoughts of the political philosopher himself，But wishful thinking with the Straussian prefix。Last，“anachronisms”。Since Strauss claimed to have discovered the lesions of modern political degeneration，Based on common sense，He should have a panacea，However, the prescription he prescribed was "to hold on to the ancient ways to conquer the present"，Returning to Plato’s bet365 bonus code pa。I have to say，Facing today’s complex political reality，Strauss’s approach of using the prescription of “Platonic bet365 bonus code pa” to treat the “sickness” of modern politics from the standpoint of ancient politics is out of date。This practice of re-practicing ancient political ethics out of dissatisfaction with modernity is not so much "diagnosis and treatment"，It is better to say that it is avoiding。

In summary，The Straussian school’s research on the history of Western bet365 bonus code pa is actually an objective study of the history of bet365 bonus code pa with a unique stance on bet365 bonus code pa，Not only does this strategy completely deviate from the purpose of "objective reproduction" in the study of the history of bet365 bonus code pa，And it is difficult to escape the suspicion of "circular mutual evidence"。In other words，The Straussian school regards its unique bet365 bonus code pa stance as a "working hypothesis" for the study of the history of bet365 bonus code pa，Also regards his bet365 bonus code pa stance as the final destination of research on the history of bet365 bonus code pa。This kind of "intertextuality of history and theory" complements each other、The practice of mutual elucidation actually cancels the independent significance of research on the history of bet365 bonus code pa，Falling into the subjective dogmatism of "Six Classics Notes to Me"。If we completely copy his research routine on the history of bet365 bonus code pa，Then a series of studies on the history of bet365 bonus code pa will become "footnotes" to Strauss's bet365 bonus code pa thoughts，Completely loses its objective research value。The research method of the history of bet365 bonus code pa of the Straussian school involves not so much method but attitude，An attitude of “objectively understanding” the text。

　　(This article is a phased result bet365 bonus code pa Fundamental Research Funding Project for the Central Universities (2017TS057))

(Author’s unit: School of bet365 bonus code pa, Shaanxi Normal University)