In the long history of human civilization，bet365 live casino games are everywhere，They are a food source、Working Partner、Performance props、Experimental subjects and caring pets, etc.。Nearly two hundred years，The relationship between humans and bet365 live casino games has undergone profound changes。Among them，The most important change is，People are beginning to examine the other status of bet365 live casino games in human society，And reflect on the moral rights of bet365 live casino games from a philosophical and ethical perspective。At the same time，Various social movements focusing on bet365 live casino games are also booming。

　　Anthropocentrism since ancient times

In the Western intellectual tradition，bet365 live casino games have always existed as the opposite of humans，is the other that ensures human subjectivity and its logos，This concept can be traced back to the Bible Old Testament and Aristotle。According to "Genesis"，God created mankind in his own image，Humans can control bet365 live casino games at will to satisfy their own needs。Aristotle believes，bet365 live casino games lack rational souls，They are inferior in the natural hierarchy，Thus an appropriate resource for human purposes。He said: "If it is said that 'what nature does is neither incomplete nor incomplete'"，There is no waste’，Then all bet365 live casino games should be able to be consumed by humans。”

The West’s anthropocentric attitude towards bet365 live casino games，Rooted in the two traditions of Judaism and ancient Greek culture，The two become one in Christianity，And spread to the whole of Europe through Christianity。Christian theologian Augustine、Aquinas and others have strengthened the above proposition to varying degrees，Considering bet365 live casino games are irrational creatures，Cannot control one's own behavior，Therefore they are secondary existences in the universe as a whole，Should accept human rule，It is legal to take bet365 live casino games。At the Renaissance，As humanism challenges scholasticism，Humanity, originally imprisoned in the shackles of theology, has become the center of the world，When the humanists at that time exalted human value and dignity，Often accompanied by an emphasis on the inferior status of bet365 live casino games，“Man is to bet365 live casino games what heaven is to earth，Soul to body，Culture to Nature”。

Early modern theorists made a clear distinction between humans and bet365 live casino games，The main purpose is to prove and empower humans to hunt、Domestication、The legitimate rights of dissecting bet365 live casino games。Among them，Descartes’ philosophical legacy plays a decisive role in how modern society views bet365 live casino games。In Descartes’ view，Although bet365 live casino games and humans are superficially similar，But the inner soul is completely different，Animal souls can only drive physical and mechanical activities，The human soul has thoughts。Descartes pointed out，bet365 live casino games as machines，“It’s not that rationality is inferior to humans，It’s not rational at all”。Descartes even thought，bet365 live casino games cannot feel pain，Because pain is the result of Adam’s sin，bet365 live casino games have nothing to do with Adam’s sin。Therefore，When bet365 live casino games are harmed，They don’t really feel pain，Just act like you're suffering。Descartes’ View of Animal Souls 17、European and later generations of intellectuals in the 18th century had a profound influence。On this issue，Heidegger、Levinas、Lacan and others are almost the same as Descartes - bet365 live casino games are always compared to humans and defined based on their lack，If the true nature is missing、Language missing、Lack of consciousness, etc.，To highlight the uniqueness of human beings，And then establish the absolute binary division between humans and bet365 live casino games。

　Enlightenment thinkerLaying the foundation for animal welfare and rights

Although statements about human superiority dominate modern philosophy，But there are other voices too。For example，Leonardo da Vinci in the early modern period became a vegetarian because of his concern for animal suffering，Montaigne believes that animal cruelty is wrong。Enlightenment thinkers advocated reason and knowledge，affirm people’s natural rights，Also consider the moral status of bet365 live casino games，Especially face the fact that bet365 live casino games can feel pain。Hobbes、Locke、Kant and others have argued that bet365 live casino games have feelings and emotions，But they deny that bet365 live casino games possess certain properties necessary to determine moral status，The most typical thing is rationality，These characteristics are the reasons why humans are superior to bet365 live casino games，This is also the reason why people can use bet365 live casino games morally。Nevertheless，They all expressly or implicitly oppose the cruel treatment of bet365 live casino games，Believe that this will make people become indifferent and cruel to their own kind。According to Locke，“Those who seek pleasure in the pain and destruction of lower bet365 live casino games，You must also lack kindness towards your fellow humans”。

In comparison，Rousseau proposed that natural law is based on the emotional rather than rational basis of self-love and compassion，“The reason why I should not harm my own kind，This does not seem to be because he is a rational creature，But because he is a sentient creature”。For Rousseau，Although bet365 live casino games do not have intelligence or free will，But he has the same gifted sensibility as human beings，Therefore, when it is of no benefit to people，People should not abuse bet365 live casino games。Hume regards sympathy as the basis of morality，Emphasizes that compassion can extend beyond humans to sentient bet365 live casino games，“People should use bet365 live casino games gently and in accordance with humane laws”。Hume even thought，bet365 live casino games, like humans, can learn from experience and conduct causal analysis，Thus at this level，bet365 live casino games and humans have the same rational thinking。Although these Enlightenment thinkers discussed bet365 live casino games with a focus on humans，That is, human beings’ responsibilities to bet365 live casino games are indirect responsibilities to humans，But they laid the foundation for the future development of animal welfare and rights。

Bentham is considered to be the earliest Western thinker who consciously extended moral status and legal protection to bet365 live casino games。In Bentham’s Moral Philosophy，Is an action correct?，Depending on the amount of pleasure or pain it causes。According to this point of view，Bentham believed that the principle of utility must take into account sentient bet365 live casino games，And criticize those who are accustomed to inflicting pain on bet365 live casino games as tyrants，“The question is not whether they can reason or speak，It’s about whether they can feel pain and joy”。Therefore，Bentham clearly stated that bet365 live casino games should be treated kindly based on their own interests rather than on human interests。However，Darwin was the man who truly changed mankind’s understanding of bet365 live casino games，The theory of evolution he proposed opened a new lineage of knowledge about the origin of life。In addition，Darwin still has strong proof，The difference in abilities between humans and bet365 live casino games is one of degree rather than quality，bet365 live casino games also have emotions、Attention、Imagination, etc.，Confronting the notion that there is a cognitive gap between humans and bet365 live casino games。

　　Contemporary humanities and social sciencesAnimal turns

1960s，The Western civil rights movement against racial discrimination and sexism opened the door to other anti-discrimination movements，Concerns about environmental pollution and environmental damage have also created a good atmosphere for animal protection。1971，Philosophers and sociologists from Oxford University jointly publish "bet365 live casino games"、People and Morality" Collected Works，Slaughtered from food、Animal experiments、Intensive Breeding、Examining the relationship between humans and bet365 live casino games from multiple aspects including fur trade，Formally proposed the concept of “speciesism”，Marks a shift in focus from animal welfare that emphasizes humane principles to animal rights that advocates the abolition of exploitation。1975，Singer published the book "Animal Liberation"，He inherited the applied ethics of utilitarianism，Promote equal consideration of the moral interests of humans and bet365 live casino games，Believe that the interests of every individual animal should be protected and given equal care。This became a key event with great impact，Inspiring many people to join the animal rights movement，It also spawned a large number of serious treatises on the moral status of bet365 live casino games。

Now，Animal issues have received widespread attention, especially in the field of philosophy，"Relevant discussions in this area over the past twenty years，Exceeding the total of two thousand years of human history”。Regan systematically demonstrated the proposition that "bet365 live casino games have rights"，Considering that bet365 live casino games, like humans, are living subjects with innate value，Therefore they also enjoy the moral right to respect and not be harmed，Human beings must completely abolish the exploitation and use of bet365 live casino games。Taylor proposed a life-centered view of nature，Believe that humans and the earth are a community of life，Everything has its natural value，Equal to each other、Interdependence。Therefore，He broke species boundaries，Expand ethical care to the entire biosphere，Realized the proposition of equality with respect for life as its core。Adams and others expose speciesism and sexism、Class discrimination、Similarities between racial discrimination，Considers that these ideologies contain hierarchical binary oppositions，All reflect the injustice of the strong oppressing the weak，And pointed out that speciesism is the deep ideological root behind many social discriminations。

As the discussion of animal issues continues to heat up，Other humanities and social science disciplines such as theology、History、Literature、Anthropology、Sociology、Psychology、Political Science、Economics, etc.，Also beginning to officially regard bet365 live casino games as research subjects，Form a wave of bet365 live casino games turning。For example, the emerging research perspective of animal history goes beyond human society，Focus on the symbiotic relationship between humans and bet365 live casino games in different historical periods，Emphasis on bet365 live casino games as historical subjects and the decisive role they have played in history。Emerging literary animal research breaks through the traditional symbolism interpretation model，Focus on the ontology and ethical status of bet365 live casino games，Attempting to reveal the connection between literary imagination about bet365 live casino games and real bet365 live casino games。At the same time，The animal rights movement is in full swing，Important animal rights organizations and laws such as "Greenpeace", "PETA" and the "International Dolphin Protection Act" were all born during this period。

Although Western anthropocentrism often separated humans from bet365 live casino games in the past，Negative of human direct obligations to bet365 live casino games，But things have changed today，People are increasingly accepting the concept of animal rights。With the deepening of postmodern deconstruction，Scholars are still reflecting on the relationship between humans and bet365 live casino games，Deleuze’s “Becoming-Animal”、Derrida’s “Therefore I Am, Animal”、Agamben’s “Anthropological Machine”、Haraway’s “companion species” are all useful explorations。It’s worth noting，Compared with Western philosophical tradition，There are obvious differences in the concept of treating bet365 live casino games in traditional Chinese philosophy，Such as the Confucian "Unity of Heaven and Man"、Taoist "All Things Are One"，They all advocate respect for animal life，Emphasis on the harmonious coexistence of humans and bet365 live casino games，This can undoubtedly provide theoretical resources and practical paths for the contemporary development of animal ethics。

　(Author’s unit: School of Foreign Languages, Nanjing University of Finance and Economics)