In the historical long river of human civilization，Animals are everywhere，They are food sources、Work partner、Performance props、Experimental objects, intimate pets, etc.。For nearly two hundred years，The relationship between humans and animals has undergone profound changes。where，The most important change is，People start to examine the identity of animals in human society，and reflect on the moral rights of animals from philosophical ethics。At the same time，Various social movements that are concerned about animals are also booming。

　　Human centralism since ancient times

In the tradition of Western thought，Animals have always existed as the opposite of human beings，It is to ensure the subjectivity of human beings and the other of the Logos，This concept can be traced back to the Bible · Old Testament and Aristotle。"Genesis" record，God created humans in accordance with his own image，Human beings can dominate animals in order to meet their needs。Aristotle thinks，Animals lack rational soul，They are first -class in the middle of the natural level，Therefore, it is the appropriate resource for human purposes。He said: "If you say‘ what nature does is not disabled，No fictional waste '，So all the natural animals should be able to take human use。”

Human centralism of animals in the West，Given the two traditions of Judaism and ancient Greek culture，The two are combined in Christianity and one，It is passed through Christianity to the whole of Europe。Christian theologian Augustine、Aquina, etc.，Think that animals are unreasonable creatures，Can't dominate your behavior，Therefore, they are secondary existence in the universe as a whole，Should accept human rule，bet365 live casino games Animal animal is legal。At the Renaissance，With humanism, challenges to the philosophy of the sutra，Humans that were originally imprisoned in the theological shackles became the center of the world，The humanists at the time were when the value and dignity of the high -row people，Often accompanied by emphasis on the status of low animals，"People are like animals like heaven，Soul to the flesh，Culture to nature "。

The theorists in the early stages of modernity clearly distinguish between people and animals，Its main purpose is to prove and give humans hunting、domestication、Active rights of anatomy animals。where，Descartes' philosophical heritage plays a decisive role on how modern society views animals。From the Describes' view，Although animals and humans are similar on the surface，But the inner soul is completely different，The soul of the animal can only drive physical and mechanical activities，The soul of a person has thoughts。Descartes pointed out，Animals as machines，"It's not as rational as people，but there is no reason at all "。Descartes even thinks，Animals can’t feel pain，Because the pain is the result of Adam's crime，and the crime of animals has nothing to do with Adam。So，When animals are injured，They do not really feel pain，Just show that it seems like suffering。Descartes' Animal Soul View Paid 17、European and later generations of intellectuals in the 18th century influence deeply。On this question，Heidegger、Levinas、La Kang and others are almost exactly the same as Descartes -animals are always used to compare with humans and define it according to their lack，If the real is missing、Loss of language、Lack of consciousness, etc.，This highlights the uniqueness of human beings，Then build the absolute binary division of people and animals。

　Enlightenment Movement thinkersLay the foundation bet365 best casino games for animal welfare and rights

Despite the discussion of human superiority in human superiority, occupying a dominant position in modern philosophy，But there are other voices。For example，The early Da Vinci in modern times became a vegetarian because of concern for animal suffering，Mengtian believes that the abuse of animals itself is wrong。Enlightenment thinkers admire rationality and knowledge，Affirm people’s natural rights，At the same time, think about the moral status of animals，Especially the fact that facing animals can feel pain。Hobbes、Locke、Kant and others have demonstrated that animals have sensations and emotions，But they deny that animals have some necessary features that determine moral status，The most typical is as rational，These characteristics are the reason why people are superior than animals，It is also a reason that people can use animals morally。Despite this，They are all clearly or vaguely opposed to treat animals cruelly，I believe that this will make people treat similar kinds of kindness indifferently and ruthlessly。According to Locke，"Those who are seeking fun in the pain and destruction of low -class animals，I will lack benevolent love for my own compatriots "。

Comparison of comparison，Rousseau proposes to be based on the perceptual but irrational of self -love and compassion，"The reason why I should not hurt my similar kind，This does not seem to be because he is a rational creature，but because he is a feeling of feeling "。For Rousseau，Although animals have no wisdom or free will，But with the same talent as a person，Therefore, when it is not beneficial to people，People should not abuse animals。Hume regards sympathy as the foundation of morality，Emphasizing sympathy can expand to animals with perception ability outside people，"People should follow the humanitarian law gently use animals"。Hume even thinks，Animals bet365 Play online games can learn from experience and analyze causal analysis from experience，Therefore, at this level，Animals and people have the same rational thinking。Although these enlightenment thinkers discuss the focus of animals in humans，That is, the responsibility of humans to animals is due to indirect responsibility for human beings，But they laid the foundation for promoting the development of animal welfare and rights in the future。

Bian Qin is considered to be the earliest western thinker who consciously expands moral status and law to animals。In Bianqin's moral philosophy，Is a behavior correct，Depending on the degree of happiness or pain it causes。According to this point of view，Bian Qin believes that the principle of utilitarian must be considered to be considered，and criticize those who are used to pain in animals are tyrants，"The key is not whether they can reason or speak，and whether they can feel bitter music "。From this，Bian Qin clearly proposes to be kind to animals from the animal itself rather than human interests。but but，Darwin is a person who truly changes human understanding of animals，The theory of evolution he proposed has opened a new knowledge spectrum about the origin of life。other，Darwin also strongly proves，The ability difference between people and animals is degree but unintentional，Animals also have emotions、Attention、Imagination, etc.，It impacted the concept of gap in people and animals in terms of cognition。

　　Contemporary Humanities and Social ScienceAnimal steering

The 1960s，The civil rights movement that opposes racial discrimination and gender discrimination in the West opened the door to other anti -discrimination movements，The attention of environmental pollution and environmental destruction also creates a good atmosphere for animal protection。1971，Philosophers and sociologists from the University of Oxford jointly bet365 best casino games published "Animal、A collection of people and morals，Slaughter from consumption、Animal Experiment、Collection breeding、Fur ​​Trade and other aspects to view the relationship between people and animals，Formally proposed the concept of "species discrimination"，It marks the shift of animal welfare from the principle of humanitarian principles to the animal rights that advocate the abolition of crushing。1975，Singh published the book "Animal Liberation"，His inheritance of utilitarian application moral outlook，Promote equal thinking about the moral interests of people and animals，It is believed that the interests of each animal individual should be protected and given equal care。This becomes a key event that has an impact，Stimulates that many people are engaged in animal rights protection campaign，It also gave birth to a large number of serious discussions about animal moral status。

Now，Animal issues have received widespread attention, especially in the field of philosophy，"Related discussions in this area in the past two decades，It has exceeded the total of human history for two thousand years "。Reagan systematically demonstrated the proposition of "animal ownership right"，It is believed that animals are like human beings, like human beings, the main body of life，Therefore, they also enjoy the moral rights that respect and uninterest，Human beings must fully abolish the exploitation and use of animals。Taylor proposed a natural view centered on life，Think that people and the earth are the community of life，Everything has its own value，Equality with each other、Mutual dependence。From this，He broke the boundary of the species，Expand ethical care to the entire biosphere，Realized equal claims with respect for life。Adams and others exposed species discrimination and gender discrimination、Class discrimination、Similarity bet365 live casino games between racial discrimination，I believe that these ideology contains the hierarchical dual opposition，All reflect the non -righteousness of the strong oppression of the strong，And pointed out that species discrimination is the root source of deep thoughts hidden behind many social discrimination。

As the discussion of animal problems continues to rise，Disciplines of other humanities and social sciences such as theology、History、Literature、Anthropology、Sociology、Psychology、Political Science、Economics, etc.，It also begun to officially regard animals as research topics，Forms a wave of animal steering。Ru Xinxin Animal History Research Vision jumps out of human society，Follow the symbiotic relationship between people and animals in different historical periods，Emphasize animals as historical subjects and their decisive role in history。Emerging literary animal research breaks through the traditional symbolism interpretation mode，Focus on the body and ethical status of animals，Try to reveal the connection between the literary imagination of animals and real animals。At the same time，Animal Rights Movement is in full swing，"Green and Peace Organization", "Beauty Animal Association" and "International Dolphin Protection Law" and other important animal rights organizations and laws are all available during this period。

Although human centers in the West used to separate people from animals in the past，Decision of people's direct obligations to animals，But the situation has changed today，People are increasingly accepting the concept of animal rights。The deepening of the postmodernism with postmodernism，Scholars are still constantly reflecting on the relationship between people and animals，"Genesis -Animal"、Derrich's "Animal Due I am"、"Anthropology Machine" of A -Gumpen、Halavi's "partner species" and so on are all beneficial bet365 Play online games exploration。It is worth noting that it is，Compared with Western philosophy traditions，Chinese traditional philosophy has obvious differences in the concept of animals，Such as Confucian "heaven and man unite"、Taoist "All things"，All advocate respect for animal life，Emphasize that humans and animals live in harmony，This will undoubtedly provide theoretical resources and practical paths for the contemporary development of animal ethics。

　(Author Unit: School of Foreign Languages ​​from Nanjing University of Finance and Economics)