Text and thought are two aspects of denseness in philosophical research，Breakthroughs in text research will greatly promote ideological interpretation to depth。Lenin pointed out in the article "Carl Marx" in 1914: "1842，Marx published some articles in the Rhein News ... From these articles, we can see that Marx has begun to shift from idealism to materialism，From revolutionary democracy to communism。In 1844, the "German Yearbook" edited by Marx and Alino Lugg was published in Paris，The above transition is completely completed here。"Based on the interpretation of this idea，Chinese scholars have launched a lot of text research on the transformation of Marx's materialist thoughts，formed many theoretical results。Professor Sun Boyi of Nanjing University innovatively proposed the "Two Change theory" of the youth Marx，systematically describes the motivation of the first thought transformation of the young Marx、Source and connotation，The heterogeneity of "general materialism" and "historical materialism" is drawn in the boundary。Today，The latest achievements in the study of the history of Marxist thought in my country and the cutting -edge progress of the study of international Marxist literature，We need to return to the complex language context of the transformation of the young Marx materialism again，Retelling how to study Marx's materialist transformation? Why did Marx turn to materialism?

If combined with history and notes to study the first change of young Marx's philosophical thoughts，We can divide the ideas of young Marx into 5 stages to study separately: (1) Starting in March 1842，Marx wrote the "Rhein News" for the "Book and Publication Inspection Order", "Debate on the Freedom of Press and Publication and the announcement of the provincial -level conference debate", "Debate on the Forest theft Law" and other political articles，For the first time in the process of criticizing bet365 live casino games the Prussian autocracy, "material interest problem problem"，This is generally considered to be the real motivation of the young Marx that has begun to change materialism for the first time。(2) March -August 1843，Marx's hand in writing "The Critical Critical Critical Critical" manuscript，and "Croys Nahna Note" at the same time during Kroysnahdu honeymoon，Among them, I studied the philosophy and history of law。The academic community is generally believed that this is Marx's use of Ferbaha's main prediction method to reverse Hegel's rationalist state view，Marx proposed that "the prerequisite for the family and the public society is the premise of the country", "the natural foundation of the political state without the human foundation of the family and the human foundation of the society," and other discussions，It also marks that Marx's philosophy began to shift from idealism to materialism。(3) September 1843，Marx and Lugg discussed the publishing of the "German Yearbook"，Written "On Jewish Questions" and "Introduction to Hegel French Philosophy"，It marks the transformation of Marx's philosophical position to complete from idealism to materialism，Political positions to complete the transformation from revolutionary democracy to the proletariat。(4) March -August 1844，Marx began to systematically study classical political economics，I wrote "Paris Notes" and "Manuscript of Economics in 1844"。Most scholars believe that Marx has accepted Ferbaha's humanistic and predicate reversal method at this time，It has formed a method of studying social materialism with humanistic materialism; Professor Sun Boyi proposed that there are two logic in the Marx thought at this time，The actual logic of alienated humanistic logic and objectized real logic，The second logic is the key to historical materialism。(5) After 1845，Marx completed the second ideological transformation，That is, the buds of heavenly talents from "Outline of Ferbaha"，To Marx and Engels in the historical materialism of the Chinese Communist Party in "German Ideology"。After the establishment bet365 Play online games of historical materialism，We can also continue to see Marx's back tracement and inheritance at the first transformation level and hidden level in the subsequent text，Among them, Marx's preface to "Political Economics Criticism" in 1859、Engels in the End of Ludwig Ferbaha and the German Classical Philosophy of Germany, "The History of the Alliance of Communists" and the explicit identification in the letter，and Marx returned to the hidden retrospective of economists who have taken back to the "Paris Notes" in London during the London period，This provides a good entrance and reference for us to grasp the ideological transformation of the young Marx as a whole。

　　bet365 Play online games I think，The first study of the first change of the young Marx thought must adhere to three principles。First is a German -based German writing、French、Original English，Start from the basic manuscript and Mega2's literature foundation，Combined with Marx's public publishing objects、Manuscript、Note、Letters of comprehensive sorting and research，Dedicate the real theoretical context of Marx in different texts。The second is to trace the roots。Study the change of Marx's thought，Can't just stay in the conversion of his words and sentences，It is necessary to examine his ideas for forming history。Whose theory did Marx read from what stage of Marx、What kind of conscious or non -conscious attitude do this theoretical thought? What are the direct theoretical sources and potential transformation motivations of Marx?。Third is the constructive restoration。Research on the History of Thought does not mean that I use the ideological anti -note text based on the "purpose theory"。Before we are studying，I must understand the history of Marx's life and the history of ideological development，But if we bring a theoretical premise，To reshape Marx's ideological situation with this, there will be problems，Even Marx's thought homogeneity。For example, use "economic foundation" to explain the "civic society" proposed by Marx in 1843，Use the direction of "Capital" to trace back to Marx's labor alienation，This obviously made Zhang Guanli's error in methodology。Therefore，Researchers' words and thoughts must always be vigilant，Can you return to the real process of the first change of Marx's thought。

　　Second，Why did the young Marx shift from idealism to materialism?In my opinion，"material interest problem" is both a dynamic cause of the transformation of young Marx materialism，It is also an important factor in the formation and deepening of Marx's critical discourse。As Lenin said，Young Marx began to turn to materialism in the "Rhine" period，But at this time Marx has not really turned to materialism，He encountered the "material interest problem" in reality for the first time，The principle of interest in reality began to shake the principle of rationality in the country in Marx's mind。Marx, which just stepped into the society from the ivory tower, conducted a lot of empirical investigations，Discovering the concept of Hegel seems to be unable to solve the problem in real life，Landlords In order to protect their private property interests，To prevent farmers from picking up branches for free，The "law" of principle should be determined by the real "interest"。So，Marx uses "lower materialism" to criticize this social phenomenon of material desires (Marx did not realize at this time，This social phenomenon is exactly the form of the bourgeois society)，But because at this time, it is still Hegel's theory that occupies Marx's thoughts，Therefore, his criticism of "material interests occupy the wind" is similar to the basic point of view of natural legal schools。On the surface，"Material interest problem" seems to be over in Marx's text，But from the deep discourse of Marx，Thinking and resolution of this problem far from being so simple。In "Croysnana Note"，Marx extracts a large number of historical works，The focus is on the problem of private property in the sense of legal power，The "Civil Society Decision of the State and Law" in "Critical Critical Critical Criticism" is the theoretical expression of "material interests"。So Marx used to reverse Hegel's "civic society" at this time，It's just a private right in the legal sense，Far "economic foundation"。In "The Yearbook of Germany and France"，Marx has changed to the proletariat's position，But he has not solved material interest problems for the proletariat，Instead, go to economics to explore the secrets of material interests。So，Although Marx has been transferred to materialism at this time，but did not reach real materialism，The material interest problem in economics research has promoted the real landing of the first thought transformation of the young Marx and the beginning of the second ideological transformation。In "The Manuscript of Economics of 1844"，Marx found the subject in private property for the first time，Seeing that material interests are created by the proletariat，But it has become a means of bourgeois slave to the proletariat，The theory of alienation of the youth Marx is the expression of "material interests occupy the upper hand" in humanistic materialism。After the establishment of historical materialism，"Material interest problem" is still lingering in Marx's mind，The "Sachlich Power" in broad historical materialism and the "Versachlight" in the narrow historical materialism is all the answers to this problem in different contexts in different contexts。You can see，"Material interest problems" runs through Marx's critical discourse，Not only promotes Marx to start a materialist transformation，and step by step make Marx outline the social critical theory of "civic society -bourgeois society -capitalist production method"。

　　third，What is the theoretical source of the transformation of young Marx materialism?In the past discussion，Ferbaha is recognized as the big who is recognized as the young Marx materialist thought。Indeed，Ferbaha played a very important role in the process of turning from idealism to materialism.。Ferbaha's natural materialism and humanism quickly became a theory that affects greatly in the religious critical environment of Germany at that time，As Engels said: "We all became the Ferbaha faction for a while。"" Marx, who had a religious criticism with the young Hegel of the young Hegel during the "Bonn Note" period, was inspired by Ferbaha。Not only that，The essential philosophy of Ferbaha humanism has become an important weapon of Marx's criticism of Hegel，Starting from "people" to promote Marx to humanistic materialism，and use this to reverse Hegel's philosophy、Critical bourgeois society。But，Professor Sun Boyi once pointed out in "Exploration of the Explorer Road": "Marx has never been reserved to accept Ferbaha's point of view"，Not only is Ferbaha emphasizing nature and less emphasis on politics，The more important thing is that Ferbaha noodles negate Hegel，As a result of his upside -down lack of deepness of Hegel idealism。Marx just seized the reasonable essence of Hegel's dialectics，So I abandoned Ferbaha's humanism。Theoretical association of Ferbaha and Marx，The academic community already has a wide range of discussions。Here，I want to point out，Study on the transformation of Marx's materialism can not ignore other theoretical sources。One，The first leader of Marx's learning Hegel's philosophy，Edward Gandes has an important impact on the formation of Marx's thoughts。Although Gans taught Marx to Hegel's work，But Gans itself must be Marx's understanding of Hegel's intermediary，The "Principles of Hegel French Philosophy" edited by Gambes with a strong characteristics of natural law，Emphasize the realization of the existence (DINEE) and the nature of natural law，The unity of the perspective of philosophy and historical perspective。More importantly，Gans's theory has a certain industrial structure analysis and socialist tendency，He even mentioned the class opposition and proletarian problems in the factory in his book "Review of the Character and Situation"，This effect is a subtle way for Marx。Its two，Marx's fellow travelers at the time -Engels and Hers。As a revolutionary partner of Marx's life，Engelsby Marx has changed earlier to materialism; Engels' research on economics and the working class also greatly shocked Marx; Marx began to study economics under the influence of Engels，Even in "Paris Notes" excerpped Engels' "Critical Outline of National Economics"。Similarly，Hess, influenced by Ferbaha humanism，I have been Marx's fellow for a period of time，Dan Hess also studied economics earlier than Marx，"WirtSchaftLiche EntfremDung" introduced from Herus theory，Make him criticize his "material interest problem" into a new dimension。Its three，A large number of classical economists from Marx in Paris Notes，and the perspective of Schultz cited in "The Manuscript of Economics of 1844"，Make Marx see the original face of "material interests" for the first time，The theoretical content I call it "social materialism"，The real landing of Marx's first thought change is exactly here。

(The author is a professor of the Marxist Social Theory Research Center and the Department of Philosophy)