As a prism for Western Marxist theorists to reflect on the living conditions of people in contemporary capitalist society，Criticism of technical bet365 sportsbook review not only reconstructs technical values ​​​​based on humanism，And broadened the theoretical horizon of Marxist philosophy of technology。Although modern technology and ethical values ​​are discussed in detail、Political Effect、Ecological Consequences、When there are issues with the relationship between gender, etc.，There are differences among Western Marxist theorists，But they always combine technical criticism with institutional criticism，determines their common value orientation and theoretical characteristics。

Taking the bet365 sportsbook review of technology as the theoretical theme

Since the modern industrial revolution，The high integration of bet365 sportsbook review and technology gave birth to technical bet365 sportsbook review，Human reason has obtained a stable material form，Not only widely penetrates into all areas of social life，And as a world view that pursues utility, it dominates people’s way of thinking and behavior。However，The capitalist modernity value system and its modernization practice formed on the basis of rationalism prove that scientific and technological development does not necessarily bring about social progress and human freedom。This prompted people to begin to reflect on the shortcomings of enlightenment bet365 sportsbook review and the bet365 sportsbook review of science and technology。The French Enlightenment thinker Rousseau began to explore this issue earlier，In his article "On Science and Art", he pointed out: The enlightenment civilization built on science and bet365 sportsbook review not only failed to bring happiness to mankind，On the contrary, it arouses people's various irrational desires and plunges them into moral corruption - such as doubt、Suspicion、Hypocrisy、Arrogance, etc.。Afterwards，Nietzsche、Simmel、Spengler、Modern thinkers such as Heidegger have conducted in-depth research on the issue of technological bet365 sportsbook review from different perspectives，formed a series of rich theoretical results。But they are mostly based on abstract metaphysical and cultural philosophical positions，Not only has the culprit of technological alienation not been found，And mistaking technology itself for the source of modernity’s problems，Take a pessimistic view、Be skeptical or even hostile towards technological progress，So much so that he eventually fell into the quagmire of anti-technologicalism。

Different from the above thinkers，Western Marxist theorists adhere to Marx’s tradition of “technological-social criticism”，Placing technical issues within the theoretical framework of a critique of capitalism，Comprehensive examination of technology and value under capitalism、Politics、Natural、Relationships between women，Thus revealing the capitalist use of technology rather than the technology itself，It is the root cause of the comprehensive materialization of society，Committed to bridging the gap between instrumental bet365 sportsbook review and value bet365 sportsbook review，Rebuilding the intrinsic relationship between technology and value，Form a technological ethics that demonstrates the spirit of humanism。

“bet365 sportsbook review” as an evaluative or normative concept，Refers to the evaluation of whether a person’s actions conform to regularity and purpose，In essence, it is to look at it with a rational eye、Correction and improvement of real life。For that matter，Western Marxist theorists’ questioning of technological bet365 sportsbook review is not about discussing specific technologies and ethical issues in their use from an empirical level，But on the premise that modern technology plays a dual role of productivity and ideology，Revisiting politics、Economy、The profound impact on culture and even daily life。Lukács advocates using critical reason to oppose materialized consciousness、The Frankfurt School opposed positivism as a secular philosophy、Ecological Marxism reinterprets the concept of “controlling nature”、Feminist Marxism criticizes the patriarchal ideology of capitalism and other views，In fact, it is all to transform the technical bet365 sportsbook review and its modern value system that are coerced by capital。They consider whether technology is conducive to the development of human subjectivity、Whether it is conducive to achieving social equity、Is it conducive to protecting the ecological environment、Whether it is conducive to promoting women’s liberation as an evaluation criterion，Advocate for the humanization of science and technology、Democratization、The development of ecology and de-gendering。

Taking the dual logic of value bet365 sportsbook review and system bet365 sportsbook review as the theoretical approach

At the beginning of its birth, Western Marxism was deeply influenced by Marx’s critical thoughts on technology and the influence of contemporary Western social trends，From Lukács to the Frankfurt School to recent Marxists，Based on the pathological diagnosis of the overall crisis of contemporary capitalism，From the dual dimensions of philosophical values ​​and capitalist system，Develop an in-depth critique of the proliferation of technical bet365 sportsbook review and its social consequences。Precisely because they always combine value criticism and system criticism to reflect on the phenomenon of technological alienation，This makes it unique in the noisy wave of criticism of modernity。

From the perspective of philosophical value criticism，Western Marxist theorists believe that instrumental bet365 sportsbook review and value bet365 sportsbook review constitute the basic content of "bet365 sportsbook review" - the former pursues the maximization of efficiency，The latter pursues human freedom，They emphasize that only instrumental bet365 sportsbook review under the norms of value bet365 sportsbook review can lead to healthy development of society。However，While modern natural science is freeing people from the shackles of religious theology，Making bet365 sportsbook review more and more mathematical、Toolization and formalization，At this point, "bet365 sportsbook review" has degenerated into instrumental bet365 sportsbook review that has lost the guidance of value bet365 sportsbook review。This one-sided understanding of bet365 sportsbook review，It also made positivist philosophy popular，Consumerist culture and the concept of “controlling nature” have gradually become values ​​that are generally recognized by people，This leads to people’s irrational use of science and technology，Further aggravating society、The tense relationship between man and nature。Based on this，The Frankfurt School accuses positivist philosophy and consumerism of stifling people’s negative thinking and critical spirit，Ecological Marxism criticizes the concept of “controlling nature” in the Western cultural tradition and its ecological consequences，Feminist Marxism criticizes the patriarchal culture that emphasizes the superiority of men and the inferiority of women, etc.，Both of them reveal the inherent flaws of technical bet365 sportsbook review from the perspective of critical philosophical values，Expresses strong dissatisfaction with the high degree of integration of contemporary capitalism and its comprehensive control of people and nature。

From the perspective of criticism of the capitalist system，Western Marxist theorists point out that the conspiracy of technology and capital makes science and technology a new type of ideology，Control people and nature，The bourgeoisie uses modern technology to promote consumerist values ​​and lifestyles，The value bet365 sportsbook review and its liberating potential originally contained in science and technology are gradually dispelled。In other words，The effective mechanism through which technological ideology plays a role lies in “desire satisfaction”，Direct public attention from the political public sphere to the non-political consumption sphere through the transformational power of science and technology，The illusion of equality that makes them indulge in conspicuous consumption，Thus winning public support and loyalty to the existing social system，And further consolidate the legitimacy basis of contemporary capitalist rule。It can be seen from this，Although technological progress has greatly improved the level of social productivity，Bring people a prosperous material life，But it is essentially a tool for capital to pursue profit maximization，Eventually it became an effective means for the bourgeoisie to “control nature” and “control people”。So，Western Marxist theorists have repeatedly emphasized that the capitalist use of technology, not the technology itself, is the culprit causing the alienation between man and nature，Advocates to achieve the coordinated development between "man-nature-society" through comprehensive changes in philosophical values ​​and social systems。Re-examining the bet365 sportsbook review of technology based on the dual dimensions of value criticism and system criticism，This prevents Western Marxism from becoming like humanism、Ecological trends such as ecologicalism fall into extreme positions of opposing technological progress and social development。

Taking human freedom and bet365 sportsbook review as the theoretical purpose

Human freedom and liberation are the eternal themes of the development of human society，It is also the ultimate goal pursued by Marxist philosophy。Western Marxist theorists inherited Marx’s belief in “changing the world”，Bringing the thoughts of bet365 sportsbook review hanging high in the "Kingdom of Heaven" back to the "Earth"，From value、Politics、Ecology、Radical criticism of science and bet365 sportsbook review and its social consequences under the conditions of capitalism in the 20th century from different perspectives such as gender，Provides a new way of thinking for people to break free from the shackles and enslavement of technological ideology。

Western Marxist theorists mainly examine the bet365 sportsbook review of technology from the perspective of cultural criticism，On this basis, two different liberation strategies have been roughly formed。If we say that early Western Marxism and ecological Marxism tended to focus on the issues of human freedom and liberation as a whole，Then the Frankfurt School and feminist Marxism focus more on the freedom and liberation of individuals as individuals。The former focuses on the principle of subjectivity or ecological bet365 sportsbook review，Exploring the path of freedom and liberation of the proletariat as a whole，Or advocate for inclusive politics、Overall revolution including economy and culture，Either emphasize the realization of the comprehensive liberation of man and nature through the ecological political revolution of the "red-green" alliance。Lukács strongly opposed the deprivation of human subjectivity by the capitalist production system dominated by technical bet365 sportsbook review，Point out that the revolutionary consciousness of the proletariat can be reshaped through the dialectics of the unity of subject and object。Ecological Marxism proposes to abolish the development model of capitalist high production and high consumption based on the overall interests of mankind，Establish an ecological socialist society based on ecological bet365 sportsbook review。For example，Gaozi advocates limiting economic bet365 sportsbook review with ecological bet365 sportsbook review，O'Connor proposed to replace "distributive justice" with "productive justice"，Foster believes that an ecological-social revolution must be carried out，Laying a social foundation for technological rationalization and ecological transformation，Thus realizing people、Harmonious development between nature and society。The latter is committed to the cultural industry、Consumption alienation、Identity politics and other perspectives provide insight into the survival dilemma of modern people，Advocate critical bet365 sportsbook review、Communication bet365 sportsbook review、Gender awareness and other different ways enable individuals as individuals to embark on the road to freedom and liberation。Frankfurt School theorists believe，Contemporary capitalism relies more on cultural ideology to maintain the legitimacy of its rule。They unanimously put their hope of self-salvation into the artistic field that expresses their individuality，For example, Marcuse transformed the existing technical system with the category of "new sensibility"。Feminist Marxism emphasizes the domination of women by patriarchal ideology and unified "female experience"，Points out that the key to women’s liberation lies in individual differences rather than obsession with identity，See new technologies that bridge the gender gap as potential forces for women’s liberation。In addition，Contemporary Western Marxist theorists also combine consumer society、Speed ​​Politics、Realistic issues such as non-material labor control，Exploring how isolated individuals can break out of the prison of modernity。Although their rescue plans are tinged with idealism and pessimism to varying degrees，But never abandoned the theoretical commitment to achieve individual freedom and liberation。

Overall view，Western Marxist theorists not only examine the ideological roots of rational pathology from the perspective of philosophical values，To reshape the humanistic dimension of technology，And from the perspective of social system, it is proposed that changing the capitalist mode of production is a prerequisite for the rational use of technology。This kind of social system、The way to salvation is to combine the change of social structure with the change of people’s values，It is helpful to overcome the emptiness of humanistic technical philosophers who stay at the level of speculative philosophy，It is also helpful to avoid the narrow-mindedness of engineering technical philosophers within the technical system，This shows its spiritual temperament that combines reality and ideality。But we should be aware of it，Western Marxist criticism of technical bet365 sportsbook review was born in developed capitalist societies where science and technology are highly integrated，Due to excessive reliance on cultural and ideological criticism, it has deviated from the basic line of Marxist political economy，Finally slipping from technical criticism to moral utopia。Therefore，In future technical research and practice，We must adhere to the position of historical materialism，Based on the new historical stage that our country is moving from a big country in science and technology to a powerful country in science and technology，Neither adopts a completely exclusive attitude，Don’t copy everything，But "have analysis、Absorb the theoretical nutrients of technical rational criticism with discernment，To better handle technological innovation and social progress in socialist modernization、Ecological environment、The complex relationship between gender equality。

(This article is a phased result of the National bet365 sportsbook review Science Fund Youth Project "Urban Marxism" Spatial Critical Theory Research (22CKS013)

(Author’s affiliation: School of bet365 sportsbook review, Zhongnan University of Economics and Law)